1,721,010 research outputs found
Addressing Weight Bias in the Cisgender Population: Differences between Sexual Orientations
Full text link(1) Background: Weight bias (WB) is an implicit psychological construct that can influence attitudes, beliefs, body experience, and evaluation of specific psychopathology relationships. Sexual orientation has played a crucial role in developing and maintaining psychiatric conditions linked to body evaluation, but few studies have evaluated possible connected biases. Thus, the paper aims to assess potential relationships between sexual orientation and WB, looking at potential roles in specific psychopathology; (2) Methods: A total of 836 cisgender subjects participated in an online survey, aged between 18 and 42 years old. Two specific aspects of WB were evaluated with validated scales about beliefs about obese people and fat phobia. Demographic variables, as well as depression and eating concerns were evaluated; (3) Results: Gay men and bisexual women showed higher levels of fat phobia, depression, and eating concerns. Regression analysis showed that sexual orientation significantly predicted fat phobia (p < 0.001) and beliefs about obese people (p = 0.014); (4) Conclusions: This study confirms the vulnerability of gay men and bisexual women to cognitive bias about their own bodies, showing a potential vulnerability about body and weight concerns
Whole-brain functional neuroimaging correlates of cognitive flexibility impairments in people with mental disorders: A transdiagnostic coordinate-based meta-analysis
Full text linkIntroduction: Set-shifting skills allow individuals to flexibly adapt their behavior against environmental feedback. Impairments of this cognitive control process represent the core features of heterogeneous mental disorders. However, it is unclear whether the neural mechanisms of set-shifting impairments are shared across different mental disorders. Materials and methods: We systematically screened the neuroimaging literature and conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Of 1930 publications, 22 functional neuroimaging studies investigating neural response differences during the performance of set-shifting paradigm on the scanner in individuals with a mental disorder, including schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorder, neurodevelopmental disorders, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, behavioral addiction were selected. Results: We found significant hyperactivation responses during set-shifting in the right medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyrus, the right superior parietal lobule, and the left superior temporal gyrus in patients with schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, or generalized anxiety disorder. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a common substrate of increased activity in the frontoparietal network (FPN) across mental disorders during set-shifting. FPN activation responses may represent a biomarker of altered cognition across traditional nosographic categories
Visuospatial Abilities in Eating Disorders
No full textA consistent body of research reports reduced ability in visuospatial processing in the eating disorder population. It has been hypothesized that this neurocognitive alteration may be a consequence of the eating disorder per se or an underlying trait-marker. Visuospatial difficulties, in particular weak central coherence (a bias towards detail-focusing thinking style), along with executive dysfunctions, have been proposed as endophenotypic traits for anorexia nervosa individuals. In particular, anorexia nervosa patients and their unaffected relatives show a specific detail-focused information processing bias along with a central coherence weakness, with limited ability to gain and integrate contextual information. In bulimia nervosa individuals’ visuospatial profile appears less compromised, and, if a dysfunction is present, it seems to characterize specifically bulimia nervosa individuals with a prior history of anorexia nervosa. Visuospatial abilities should be detected and addressed in specific treatment programs due to their potentially negative role in both treatment outcome and body image disturbance, which typically affect individuals on the whole eating disorders spectrum
Small-world properties of brain morphological characteristics in Anorexia Nervosa
No full textCortical thickness and gyrification abnormalities in anorexia nervosa (AN) have been recently described, but no attempt has been made to explore their organizational patterns to characterize the neurobiology of the disorder in the different stages of its course. The aim of this study was to explore cortical thickness and gyrification patterns by means of graph theory tools in 38 patients with AN, 20 fully recovered patients, and 38 healthy women (HC). All participants underwent high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Connectome properties were compared between: 1) AN patients and HC, 2) fully recovered patients and HC, 3) patients with a full remission at a 3-year follow-up assessment and patients who had not recovered. Small-worldness was greater in patients with acute AN in comparison to HC in both cortical thickness and gyrification networks. In the cortical thickness network, patients with AN also showed increased Local Efficiency, Modularity and Clustering coefficients, whereas integration measures were lower in the same group. Patients with a poor outcome showed higher segregation measures and lower small-worldness in the gyrification network, but no differences emerged for the cortical thickness network. For both cortical thickness and gyrification patterns, regional analyses revealed differences between patients with different outcomes. Different patterns between cortical thickness and gyrification networks are probably due to their peculiar developmental trajectories and sensitivity to environmental influences. The role of gyrification network alterations in predicting the outcome suggests a role of early maturational processes in the prognosis of AN
The Eating Disorder Quality of Life (EDQoL) Scale 72: Methods and Applications
No full textPatients with an eating disorder present a severe reduction of their quality of life (QoL) during the acute phase, which could also impact their treatment outcome. Different studies have pointed out the role of QoL in both physical and psychological well-being, and slight differences have been pointed out between eating disorder diagnoses, showing a transdiagnostic impairment in this specific aspect of patients’ lives. Different domains have been included in the evaluation of the QoL: psychological, physical, cognitive, financial, work/school, and interpersonal. The relevance of the interpersonal domain is profoundly discussed in the chapter and how it has been included in the original version of the EDQoL questionnaire. Despite the role of this aspect in the patients’ lives, the literature’s evidence is limited, and possible future directions are discussed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
A multi-faceted evaluation of impulsivity traits and early maladaptive schemas in patients with anorexia nervosa
Full text link(1) Background: patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) are classified either as restrictive (ANr) or binge/purge (ANbp) according to the absence or presence of impulsive eating and com-pensatory behaviors. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of impulsivity in both AN subtypes and to explore whether individual differences in impulsivity may be explained by differences in the presence of early maladaptive schemas. (2) Methods: the sample group included 122 patients with ANr, 112 patients with ANbp, and 131 healthy women (HW). All of these partici-pants completed the UPPS-P scale for an assessment of impulsive behaviors and the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3) for an assessment of early maladaptive schemas. (3) Results: the patients with ANbp displayed higher levels of impulsivity compared with the patients with ANr and HW. Patients with AN, especially the restrictive subtype, also reported higher levels of early maladaptive schemas than HW, and regression analyses revealed that specific maladaptive schemas partially explain the variability in impulsivity in both patients and HW. (4) Conclusions: it appears that maladaptive beliefs developed during childhood or adolescence may predict the development of impulsivity, a personality trait usually associated with maladaptive behaviors, and appears to be prevalent among ANbp patients. The clinical effects of this, as well as directions for future study, are also discussed in this paper
- …
