1,721,007 research outputs found
Los límites de la causalidad probabilística en derecho
Full text linkThere is still controversy regarding what criterion to use to evaluate causality. The law & economics literature proposes the use of probabilistic causality as a superior criterion, suggesting the elimination of binary causality criteria. This led to explanations that violate our intuitions, fail to explain judicial decision-making, and are considered unjust. This paper proposes that neither binary nor probabilistic causality can provide a satisfactory answer for all scenarios. Probabilistic causality works well for general causal claims (types of claims centrally involved in rulemaking) while binary criteria perform better for single causal claims (types of claims commonly addressed by courts).El criterio que se debe utilizar para evaluar causalidad continúa siendo controvertido. El análisis económico del derecho propone el uso de la causalidad probabilística como criterio rector, lo cual sugiere la eliminación de criterios de causalidad binarios. Esto lleva a explicaciones que violan nuestras intuiciones, que no explican la toma de decisiones judicial y que se consideran injustas. Este artículo propone que ni la causalidad binaria ni la probabilística pueden brindar una respuesta satisfactoria para todos los supuestos. La causalidad probabilística funciona para los enunciados causales generales (tipos de enunciados en los que está involucrada la formulación de reglas), mientras que los criterios binarios funcionan mejor para los enunciados causales singulares (tipos de enunciados que generalmente abordan los tribunales)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
La economía de la doble imposición tributaria
No full textEl trabajo aborda la doble imposición tributaria interna desde las perspectivas económica y constitucional. En primer lugar, explica en qué consiste la doble imposición y qué consecuencias trae, haciendo un breve análisis acerca de su eficiencia. Luego, trata el tema de la tragedia de los comunes y anticomunes, aplicándolo al caso bajo análisis. Más adelante analiza si existe algún principio o regla constitucional que prohíba la doble imposición a nivel interno y trata el tema de la ley de coparticipación federal de impuestos como medio para evitarla. Finalmente, analiza la relación entre la supuesta prohibición de doble imposición y los principios del derecho tributario, y aplica las consideraciones económicas descriptas al fenómeno analizado
Algorithmic discrimination is an information problem
Full text linkWhile algorithmic decision-making has proven to be a challenge for traditional antidiscrimination law, there is an opportunity to regulate algorithms through the information that they are fed. But blocking information about protected categories will rarely protect these groups effectively because other information will act as proxies. To avoid disparate treatment, the protected category attributes cannot be considered; but to avoid disparate impact, they must be considered. This leads to a paradox in regulating information to prevent algorithmic discrimination. This Article addresses this problem. It suggests that, instead of ineffectively blocking or passively allowing attributes in training data, we should modify them. We should use existing pre-processing techniques to alter the data that is fed to algorithms to prevent disparate impact outcomes. This presents a number of doctrinal and policy benefits and can be implemented also where other legal approaches cannot
The Economics of Double Taxation
No full textThe paper engages double taxation from an economic and a constitutionalperspective. It first explains double taxation and its consequences with abrief analysis about its efficiency. Then, it addresses the subject of theTragedy of the Commons and the Tragedy of the Anticommons, applyingit to double taxation. It later evaluates if there is a constitutional rule orprinciple that prohibits local double taxation and deals with tax coparticipationsystems as a mean to avoid it. Finally, it analyzes the relationshipbetween the alleged prohibition of double taxation and tax law principles,and applies the said economic considerations to this phenomenon.El trabajo aborda la doble imposición tributaria interna desde las perspectivaseconómica y constitucional. En primer lugar, explica en qué consistela doble imposición y qué consecuencias trae, haciendo un breve análisisacerca de su eficiencia. Luego, trata el tema de la tragedia de los comunesy anticomunes, aplicándolo al caso bajo análisis. Más adelante analiza siexiste algún principio o regla constitucional que prohíba la doble imposicióna nivel interno y trata el tema de la ley de coparticipación federal deimpuestos como medio para evitarla. Finalmente, analiza la relación entrela supuesta prohibición de doble imposición y los principios del derechotributario, y aplica las consideraciones económicas descriptas al fenómenoanalizado
COVID alert’s privacy promises and surveillance risks
Full text linkIn the wake of the 2020 global pandemic, governments and corporations around the world are adopting unprecedented data-gathering practices to both stop the spread of COVID-19 and transition to safer and more economically stable futures. This essay series examines how public and private actors are using pandemic response technologies to capitalize on this extraordinary moment of upheaval. It convenes a diverse group of experts to examine the policy, legal, and ethical challenges posed by the use of tactics that surveil and control populations around the world. With a focus on wide-ranging topics such as cybersecurity, racial justice, and worker surveillance, among others, this series offers a roadmap as policymakers confront the privacy and human rights impacts of crises like the novel coronavirus in the years to come
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