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The occurrence of drug related problems in a primary health care setting : a pharmaceutical care approach
Get PDFNorth-West University, Potchefstroom CampusThe worldwide trend in the pharmacy profession is towards pharmaceutical care. According to the
latest views the provision of pharmaceutical care by pharmacists is the way forward for the profession
in South Africa.
Pharmaceutical care is the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite
outcomes that improve patients quality of life (Hepler & Strand, 1990:539). The provision of
pharmaceutical care is the responsibility of health care providers (e.g. a pharmacist, nurse and
physician). The roles and functions of the pharmacist in the provision of pharmaceutical care are
stipulated in the activities specially pertaining to the Pharmacy Profession and the scope of practice of
the pharmacist (Pharmacy Act, 53/1974).
The patient's quality of life can be harmed by a drug therapy problem (e.g. adverse effects of a drug,
drug interactions, etc.). A drug therapy problem can be defined as any undesirable event experienced
by a patient that involves or is suspected to involve drug therapy and that actually or potentially
interferes with a desired patient outcome (Cipolle et al., 1998:75). Drug interactions are classified as
a drug therapy problem and are a serious problem to consider. Drug interactions can be defined as an
altered or modified action of a drug as a result of interaction with another drug.
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of drug interactions in a primary health care
setting and make recommendations for the identification of drug interactions in health care facilities.
Philani Prime Cure® provided the data of primary health care setting used in this study. The data
from the seven medi centres were analysed in this study. Ten of the most prescribed drugs [i.e.
diphenhydramine, tetracycline (doxycycline and oxytetracycline), co-trimoxazole, hyoscine,
theophylline, loperamide, glibenclamide, multivitamin, diclofenac and reserpine] of Philani Prime
Cure® medi centres were studied for the identification of drug interactions.
A study population of 24991 patients in the seven medi centres were used. There were 131081
medicine items prescribed during the research period (1 January 2000 to 30 June 2000). The ten
selected drugs represented 31409 (23.96%) of the total number of medicine items prescribed.
The interactions that occurred were drug-drug and drug-age interactions. A total number of 14449
possible drug-drug interactions and a total number of 3604 drug-age interactions occurred with the ten
drugs. Interactions were classified according to the significance levels formulated by Tatro
(2001:xiv). Level 1 interactions are classified as severe and well documented interactions. Level 2
and 3 interactions are less severe and are also well documented. Level 4 and 5 interactions are
classified as minor and unlikely interactions (Tatro, 2001:xiv). For the drug-drug interactions were
significance levels are indicated in the literature, level 5 drug-drug interactions occurred the most with
the ten selected drugs (n = 1869, 12.94% of all drug-drug interactions). Level 4 interactions (n = 411,
0.31 % ) did not occur as much as level 5 interactions. Level 1 to 3 drug-drug interactions represented
2017 (10.43%) of all drug-drug interactions. Level 1 interactions occurred the most frequent with
doxycycline (1.62% of all drug-drug interactions), viz., interaction between doxycyline and antacids.
The most frequent level 2 interactions occurred with theophylline (1.32% of all drug-drug
interactions), viz., interaction between theophyl line and macrolide antibiotics, and diclofenac (1.94%
of all drug-drug interactions), viz., diclofenac and thiazide diuretics. Level 3 interactions occurred the
most frequent with multivitamin (3.22% of all drug-drug interactions), viz., interaction between
multivitamin and salicylate. During this study another level of significance was created, namely level
6. This level was created to accommodate the identified drug-drug interactions that were not well
documented in the literature and needed further investigation.
The most drug-age interactions occurred with children and the elderly patients. The most frequent
drug interactions occurred with diphenhydramine (19.48% of all drug-age interactions) which were
prescribed to patient younger than two years and patients older than 50 years.
This study supports the importance of the identification of drug therapy problems in pharmacy
practice. Drug interactions were discussed according to the effects of the drugs on each other and the
patient quality of life is markedly reduced.
The results of this study provide information to the Philani Prime Cure® database to incorporate drug
interactions in their protocols. This incorporation of interactions can assist their health care team to
identify potential interactions and improve their patient therapeutic outcomes.Master
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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