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Enheduanna, priestess, princess and poet: a historical study of the ‘world’s first author’ and her iconic poetry
Full text linkThesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the life and work of Enheduanna of Akkad (c. 2334–2279 BCE), who besides holding a powerful cultic position as entu (high priestess), has been attributed with the title of ‘world’s first author’. This research investigates whether she played an important role, what can be gleaned about her life from her texts, and what influence these have had on both her direct as well as contemporary reception. Additionally, I investigated why she has been overlooked as a pivotal figure and whether there are any other instances of female authorship comparable to her. Even though Enheduanna is recorded as the first identifiable author by name, there have been few studies on her and her work. This study firstly highlights her importance as an entu priestess by looking at the various roles of priestesses as they relate to her, what her position entailed and how this influenced the later Mesopotamian cult. Following this, Enheduanna is discussed in relation to her writings, and each of her longer texts is analysed and interpreted. The analysis of these texts has uncovered and expanded on significant historical, mythological and personal information regarding Enheduanna’s life. This culminates in a discussion on what all this conveys regarding her impact during her lifetime and her contemporary reception as a religious figure, an influential author and a woman. Through a nuanced application of feminist theories of power, agency and oppression, the results indicate that her involvement in the cult was crucial in facilitating powerful religious roles for women. However, her influence on authorship outweighs even that significance, as the research indicates that her texts can be read as “self-writing”, not only providing information on mythic and historical thinking, but also her authorial voice. This thesis concludes that Enheduanna has been overlooked even though she is highly significant, both in her capacity as a religious icon with agency and in her immense abilities as an author. Furthermore, this research identifies other women who occupied similar cultic positions and also authored texts. Questions for further research identified in this thesis are a full study on the categorisation of autobiographical texts within a West Asian literary corpus, further studies on the instances of female self-writing, and an additional look into whether the depiction of Inanna within Enheduanna’s texts is limited to her because she was a woman representing a female deity.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die lewe en werk van Enheduanna van Akkad (ongeveer 2334–2279 v.C.), wat behalwe dat sy 'n magtige kultiese posisie as entu (hoëpriesteres) beklee het, ook die titel van die wêreld se eerste skrywer beklee. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek of sy 'n belangrike rol as figuur gespeel het, wat oor haar lewe uit haar tekste afgelei kan word, en watter invloed dit op sowel haar direkte as kontemporêre ontvangs gehad het. Daarbenewens het ek ondersoek ingestel na waarom sy oor die hoof gesien is as figuur en of daar enige ander gevalle van vroulike skrywers is wat met haar vergelykbaar is. Selfs al staan Enheduanna as die eerste identifiseerbare skrywer by naam in die rekords, is daar min narvorsing oor haar en haar werk. Hierdie studie beklemtoon eerstens haar belangrikheid as 'n entu priesteres deur na die verskeie rolle van priesteresse te kyk wat met haar verband hou, wat haar posisie behels het en hoe dit die latere Mesopotamiese kultuur beïnvloed het. Na hierdie inleiding word Enheduanna geanaliseer in verband met haar skrywerskap, en elkeen van haar langer tekste word bespreek en geïnterpreteer. Die ontleding van hierdie tekste het belangrike historiese, mitologiese en persoonlike inligting oor Enheduanna se lewe blootgelê en daarop uitgebrei. Dit loop uit in 'n bespreking oor haar impak gedurende haar leeftyd en haar kontemporêre ontvangs as 'n godsdienstige figuur, 'n invloedryke skrywer en 'n vrou. Deur 'n genuanseerde toepassing van feministiese teorieë oor mag, agentskap en onderdrukking, dui die resultate aan dat haar betrokkenheid in die kultus van uiterste belang was om magtige godsdienstige rolle vir vroue te bevorder. Tog oorskry haar invloed op skryfwerk selfs daardie prestasie, aangesien die navorsing aandui dat haar tekste as "self-skrywery" gelees kan word, wat nie net inligting oor mitologiese en historiese denke bied nie, maar ook oor haar autorenstimme. Hierdie tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat Enheduanna oor die hoof gesien is al is sy van groot belang, sowel in haar vermoëns as 'n godsdienstige ikoon met agentskap as in haar buitengewone vermoëns as 'n skrywer. Verder identifiseer hierdie navorsing ander vroue wat soortgelyke kultiese posisies beklee het en ook tekste geskryf het. Vrae vir verdere navorsing wat in hierdie tesis geïdentifiseer is, sluit 'n volledige studie van die kategorisering van outobiografiese tekste binne 'n Wes-Asiatiese letterkunde korpus in, verdere studies oor die gevalle van vroulike self-skrywery, en 'n bykomende ondersoek na die vraag of die uitbeelding van Inanna binne Enheduanna se tekste tot haar beperk is omdat sy 'n vrou was wat 'n vroulike godheid uitgebeeld het.Master
Enheduanna, the “World’s First Author”: An Analysis of Ninmešarra (the Exaltation of Inanna) and Inninšagurra (Queen of Vast Heart): General Article
No full textThis article discusses two written works by Enheduanna of Akkad. The aim is to understand the texts through a close reading and draw out any information offered about Enheduanna herself. The first text is Ninmešarra, or the Exaltation of Inanna. This is the most famous of Enheduanna’s authored works. It discusses her exile from Ur and acts as a praise hymn for Inanna. The textual analysis highlights the significance of Enheduanna’s writing style and use of first-person narration in conveying her experience of expulsion. The second text discussed is Inninšagurra, or Queen of Vast Heart. While it offers fewer instances of first-person narration, it still highlights a sense of internal struggle that can be related to what is known of Enheduanna’s life. These texts are thematically similar in their depictions of Inanna and the author, which this article discusses in terms of the question of early first-person narration as a form of autobiographical writing
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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