6,069 research outputs found
Techniques to Study Metabolism
No full textMetabolism represents the “ensemble” of biochemical reactions, ensuring proper cell homeostasis and correct body functioning. The redox reactions of chemical species lead to energy transformation and heat production. Different strategies have been developed over the time to measure the energy consumed by the body to maintain its homeostasis during daily life as well as to investigate specific metabolic pathways and biochemical substrates utilization. In this chapter, a brief overview is offered on the application of the key techniques to examine human metabolism.
Direct calorimetry is performed in a confined space and relies on body heat production to evaluate energy expenditure. The method is time-consuming and requires an isolated chamber specifically equipped for the purpose. Indirect calorimetry is the technique that assesses energy expenditure through measuring O2 and CO2 exchanges, which reflect body energy consumption. Indirect calorimetry allows to obtain data on substrate oxidation.
Doubly labelled water is a very accurate system for measuring energy expenditure in free-living condition. It uses spectrometric measure of labelled isotopes (2H, 18O) excreted through urine and breath to estimate metabolic rate. Accelerometers are devices that estimate energy expenditure by computing body movements with accessory biological measures. Their accuracy is still debated, especially in obese subjects. Finally, RM spectrometry is a technique employed to explore biochemical pathways and metabolic fate of energy substrates
Audiomobiles, Sculptures and Conundrums
No full textRoberto Gerhard was a pioneer of electronic music in England creating a number of substantial concert, theatre and radio works from as early as 1954. Gerhard’s electronic music is one of the richest repositories for understanding the development of the composer’s late compositional technique. Apart from the Symphony no.3, ‘Collages’, none of Gerhard’s electronic music is published. This paper will discuss aspects of Gerhard’s electronic music, focusing on Audiomobiles (1958-59) and Sculptures (1963)
Correction: Six minute walk distance and reference values in healthy Italian children: A cross-sectional study (PLoS ONE (2018) 13, 10 (e0205792) DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0205792)
No full textThe affiliation for the fifth author is incorrect. Roberto Codella is not affiliated with #4–8 but with #4 and #8: School of Exercise Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy and Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
Mitochondrial and Non-mitochondrial studies of ATP Synthesis
No full textEnergy is required to perform any kind of mechanical work. In living organisms, the energy for all biological functions is provided chemically by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP supplies the energy required to synthesize cellular components and to maintain cell viability, by donating one or two phosphate groups, leaving adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), respectively. However, energy storage in the form of ATP is limited such that ATP must be resynthesized continuously in order to meet cellular energy demands. The generation or replenishment of ATP depends upon key metabolic pathways, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation, which interact to regulate the rate of ATP metabolism and to direct cellular bioenergetics toward a defined homeostasis
Exercise talks with the brain and distracts it from sugar
No full textSugar over-consumption alters the reward system resulting in a deficiency that preludes to a sugar addiction. This vicious circle may be attenuated by physical exercise via enhancement of the neurotrophic factors (BDNF) and the dopaminergic system.El consumo excesivo de azúcar compromete el sistema de la recompensa y esta anormalidad anticipa la adicción al azúcar. El círculo vicioso puede atenuarse con el ejercicio físico, asociado con aumento de los factores neurotróficos y del sistema dopaminérgico
Roberto Gerhard’s Sound Compositions: A Historical-Philological Perspective. Archive, Process, Intent and reenactment
No full textThis research advances the current state of knowledge in the field of early tape music both empirically and methodologically. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact that the electronic medium exerted in the musical thinking of Roberto Gerhard, one of the most outspoken, prolific and influential composers in the Spanish diaspora whose musical legacy, for the most part unknown, is a major landmark in the early history of electroacoustic music. Gerhard’s personal tape collection, one of the largest historical archives of its kind reported in the literature, is exceptional for both its antiquity (50+-year-old tapes) and its abundance of production materials. Through the digitisation and analysis of the composer’s tape collection this research argues that the empirical study of audio documents sets out a basis for a broader understanding of textual processes. More specifically, the research demonstrates that the reconstruction of works based on magnetic tape sketches is a powerful method to advance the understanding of early tape music. This research also examines Gerhard’s sound compositions in relation to the post-war context in which they were composed. Finally, this research presents performance documentation that proposes an approach to the electroacoustic music repertoire in which creativity is not at odds with rigor and critical discernment demonstrating that archival study can be closely aligned to the concept of re-enactment
Specific Physical Exercises Adapt to Patients with Obesity or with Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2)
No full textPhysical inactivity, sedentarism, and obesity were always considered pandemics and are associated with poor quality of life and increased risks for chronic conditions. Quite the opposite, physical activity is advocated as a cornerstone in the prevention and cure of a variety of inflammatory chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. While favorable exercise effects on immune functions and metabolism are well established, system responses are dependent on several factors (type, intensity, and duration of exercise) which should be cautiously orchestrated. In this chapter, exercise training protocols in the context of weight loss and glucose homeostasis are examined. The ultimate end would be to furnish evidence and guidance for all these patients suffering from dysmetabolic conditions
- …
