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    Introduction: action, reaction, interaction in historical animal studies

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    “A horse is a feeling animal”: interspecies interaction and animal agency in Renaissance warfare

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    In The Art of War (1521), Machiavelli describes the horse as ‘a feeling animal’, highlighting animal individuality and human-horse understanding. This chapter explores such interspecies interaction, approaching Renaissance warfare as a multispecies experience. It considers the impact of war on animals, and vice versa, arguing that animal agency fundamentally affected the military enterprise. The chapter begins with theories of agency and, in relation to the Italian Wars (1494-1559), takes up the proposal that the well-functioning horse and rider worked as a ‘unity’. Moving beyond the equine, it examines canine, feline, and parasitic agents of war. This chapter’s more-than-human perspective calls for inclusive conception of agency, serious investigation of interrelationships among and between species, and the rethinking of traditional military histories

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Interspecies Interactions: Animals and Humans between the Middle Ages and Modernity

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    Interspecies Interactions surveys the rapidly developing field of human-animal relations from the late medieval and early modern eras through to the mid-Victorian period. By viewing animals as authentic and autonomous historical agents who had a real impact on the world around them, this book concentrates on an under-examined but crucial aspect of the human-animal relationship: interaction
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