174,283 research outputs found
Migration and risk: an empirical application to the coca economy in Peru
No full textThis paper studies the growth of the Peruvian illegal coca economy as a result of the migratory process. The paper describes peasant attitudes towards migration as a portfolio decision making process, where peasants allocate labor to the coca fields or the urban sector according to relative earnings and risk structure. The empirical estimation, using data on wages and risk factors (i.e. political violence) for the coca region and Lima, shows that migration to the coca sector is an economically rational decision. using log-linear and non-linear specifications, it is shown that wage differentials and political violence in the coca region and the urban sector are significant in affecting migration to the coca sector. Unemployment in the urban sector shows an inconclusive effect. The variables used, although they seem to have non-stationary properties, are cointegrated and therefore validate standard inference procedures. A simple test of stability of the parameters shows that they do not change significantly through time
Heterogeneous Motivations of Household - Level Coca Growing Areas: The Case of an Indigenous Community in Peru
No full textThere is a great deal of heterogeneity among coca growers in Peru, a fact that the national organizations and international co-operation have recognized, but has not been able to address property in anti-drug policy design. In this paper, we investigate the joint decision to grow coca and the decision of the quantity of coca bushes to cultivate, first under a homogeneity assumption, and then relaxing this assumption to allow for heterogeneity. Our research results support the notion of coca grower heterogeneity, identify the differences between groups of coca growers, and suggest different anti-drug policies, based on their effects in each group. --coca,heterogenous,latent class,cragg model,Peru
Estimating the causal effect of forced eradication on coca cultivation in Colombian municipalities
No full textCoca eradication has been aggressively pursued by the Colombian government to reduce the amount of land that agricultural households in the Andean country devote to this illegal crop. However, little work has been done to assess the causal effect of the policy on land allocation decisions. I use a six year panel of observations covering the entire country for the years 2001-2006 to estimate this effect at the municipality level, exploiting exogenous sources of variation in eradication and taking an IV approach to estimation. The instruments are derived from changes in the expected cost of coca eradication as crews get far from the zone where Antinarcotics Police helicopters can protect them from the illegal armed groups that try to shoot them down. IV estimation shows that the causal effect of a one percent increase in eradication is slightly less than a one percent increase in coca cultivation.Agricultural Development; Coca; Cocaine; Colombia; Illegal Crops; crime
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF COCA ERADICATION POLICY IN COLOMBIA
No full textWe estimate an econometric model of coca production in Colombia. Our results indicate that coca eradication is an ineffective means of supply control as farmers compensate by cultivating the crop more extensively. The evidence further suggests that incentives to produce legal substitute crops may have greater supply-reducing potential than eradication.Political Economy,
The Divide of the Coca Leaf: National Culture and the Drug Policies of Bolivia and the United States
No full textWhile the United States and Bolivian cultures have different values, attitudes and norms, these differences have not been a major factor in determining the aid Bolivia receives from the United States (US). Now, President Morales, a former union leader for coca leaf growers, has refused to comply with US foreign policy to eradicate the coca leaf, creating political and cultural tension. This paper examines the US and Bolivian relationship as a case study through Schein’s organizational cultural theory and Adler’s culture theory to determine how Bolivia’s battle to save the coca leaf may affect the aid it receives from the US government and nonprofits
Explicit Evidence on an Implicit Contract
No full textWe offer the first direct evidence of an implicit contract in a goods market. The evidence we offer comes from the market for Coca-Cola. We demonstrate that the Coca-Cola Company left a substantial amount of written evidence of its implicit contract with its consumers—a very explicit form of an implicit contract. The contract represented the promise of a five cent (nominal) price and adherence to the “Secret Formula”. In general, the implicit nature of such contracts makes observation difficult. To overcome this difficulty, we adopt a narrative approach. Based on the analysis of a large number of historical documents obtained from the Coca-Cola Archives and other sources, we offer evidence of the Coca-Cola Company both acknowledging and acting on this implicit contract. We also make another unique contribution by exploring quality as a margin of adjustment available to Coca-Cola. The implicit contract included a promise not only of a constant nominal price but also a constant quality (i.e., 6.5 oz. of the Secret Formula). During a period of over 70 years, we find evidence of only a single case of true quality change. By studying the margin of adjustment the Coca-Cola Company chose in response to changes in market conditions, we demonstrate that the perceived costs of breaking the implicit contract were large. We argue that one piece of direct evidence on the magnitude of these costs is the aftermath “New Coke’s” introduction in 1985.Implicit Contract, Explicit Contract, Invisible Handshake, Customer Market, Long- Term Relationship, Price Rigidity, Nickel Coke, Coca-Cola
O espaço em territórios com plantios de coca na America Latina: o caso de San Jose do Guaviare, Colômbia
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Florianópolis, 2010Contrário a observar o tráfico de sustâncias entorpecentes (narcotráfico) como um fenômeno isolado ou externo a ordem natural do modo de produção capitalista, nesta dissertação assumimos o papel do narcotráfico como uma eficiente expressão do desenvolvimento atual das forças produtivas e do intercâmbio entre os homens. Neste sentido, a complexa estrutura deste fenômeno, ainda que em condições juridicamente ilegais, tem ocupado um papel fundamental na conformação do espaço geográfico na América Latina e especialmente o âmbito da produção da folha de coca, insumo básico para a produção de cocaína nos países produtores da região. Teoricamente partimos da tese de pós-doutorado de Idaleto Malvezzi Aued, que evidencia como a expressão fundamental do modo de produção capitalista no século XXI é a dificuldade/impossibilidade dos homens em se reproduzirem, biológica e socialmente, diante da reafirmação degenerativa do Capital. Tal fato se explicita na própria dinâmica do narcotráfico, a qual revoluciona e acelera a incorporação de novos territórios em todas as partes da Terra, se apropriando e subjugando as velhas formas nas quais os homens se reproduzem e colocando sobre o mesmo patamar universal as formas de fazer o espaço geográfico. Desta forma a universalidade da racionalidade capitalista se explicita singularmente na região de San Jose del Guaviare - Colômbia, importante território produtor de folha de coca e de cocaína desde 1970. Assim, o narcotráfico se transforma em um motor fundamental para a conformação do espaço: (1) destruiu as primeiras formas como os colonos e os indígenas se reproduziam; (2) por um lado desenvolveu a constituição de uma nova e emergente classe latifundiária e, por outro, um imenso contingente de homens deslocados, expulsos da estrutura do capital; (3) alguns homens organizados permanecem lutando pela efetivação material da vida, apesar do conflito que se manifesta na Colômbia desde 1950
Fotografía UDBC018640
No full textFotografía del ejemplar Coca, C. 117, determinado como Hedyosmum racemosum en el año 200
Fotografía UDBC018978
No full textFotografía del ejemplar Coca, C. 255, determinado como Piper yanaconasense en el año 202
Fotografía UDBC019174
No full textFotografía del ejemplar Coca, C. 134, determinado como Agouticarpa williamsii en el año 202
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