1,720,956 research outputs found
Sulfation patterns of chondroitin sulfates at the glial scar induce distinct reactive astrogliosis responses
No full textAstrocytes play an essential role in regulating homeostasis and physiological functions within the central nervous system (CNS), including the homeostasis of extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and degradation. Following traumatic brain or spinal cord injury (SCI), astrocytes upregulate the expression of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which facilitate the formation of glial scar, and inhibit axonal regeneration and neurite outgrowth. Previous studies have demonstrated that enzymatic removal of CS glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on CSPGs using chondrotinase ABC (ChABC) enhances axonal regeneration and facilitates functional recovery. However, the specific role of CS-GAGs on astrocyte themselves remains to be elucidated. Here, we hypothesise that upregulated CS-GAGs at the glial scar contribute to the maintenance of reactive astrogliosis post-injury in the CNS.
We first assessed the presence of known CS receptors on the astrocyte surface. Both Contactin-1 (CNTN-1) and receptor tyrosine phosphatase-sigma (PTPRσ) were observed on the astrocyte, suggesting their ability to bind and potentially react to CS-GAGs. Primary astrocytes isolated from rat cortices were then treated with varying concentrations of chondroitin 4 sulphate (C4S) and chondroitin 6 sulphate (C6S), two major CS sulphation, to assess their metabolic activity and proliferation. Our results showed that incubation with C4S results in a dose-dependent decrease in astrocyte proliferation (up to 200 μg/ml), but C6S did not. Both molecules do not affect the cell viability up to 1 mg/ml and metabolic activity. Immunocytochemistry analyses revealed that both C4S and C6S treatment increases GFAP expression and induces reactive astrogliosis in 200 μg/ml and 1 mg/ml concentration. However, they induce distinct phenotypes of reactive astrogliosis. C4S induces the S100 calcium binding protein A 10 (S100A10)-positive anti-inflammatory A2 reactive astrogliosis and the complement component 3 (C3) proinflammatory reactive astrogliosis marker, while C6S induces the C3 expression only. . C4S reduces the size of astrocytes, circularity, and solidity, but C6S only reduces the circularity. Both molecules affect the CNTN1 distribution on the astrocytic surface, and CNTN1 may play a role in this process. In conditional carbohydrate sulfotransferase 11 (CHST11) knockout (KO) mice, which show reduction in C4S synthesis in the CNS, we confirmed that C4S play a vital role in A2 reactive astrogliosis and it has a crucial role in morphological changes induced by reactive astrogliosis. Our findings suggest that C4S and C6S may have a role in inducing reactive astrogliosis and maintaining glial scar after spinal cord injury, and the mechanism under this process can be an important therapeutic target to provide regeneration after spinal cord injury
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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