6,026 research outputs found
Derechos Individuales e Integracón regional (antología)
No full textEl volumen es uno de los productos del proyecto “Individual Rights and Regional Integration”, financiado por la EACEA en el marco del Programa Jean Monnet, coordinado por la Università degli Studi di Perugia (responsable Roberto Cippitani), en colaboración con universidades Europeas y de Latinoamérica.
El objetivo del proyecto ha sido estudiar como los procesos de integración regional, en la región europea y en América Latina, puedan impactar en la identificación y regulación de los derechos de los particulares.
Los temas vinculados al objetivo están tratados por estudiosos especialistas en varias disciplinas jurídicas (derecho privado, derecho de la Unión europea, derecho administrativo, derecho penal, derecho procesal, historia del derecho, derecho romano)
El intercambio de datos personales entre la Unión Europea y América Latina
No full textResumen: En este artículo se presentan los aspectos jurídicos de la transferencia de datos entre la Unión Europea y los países de América latina, desde la perspectiva del Derecho de la Unión Europea. Con ese fin, el autor desarrolla los conceptos principales en materia de protección de datos personales, detallando su evolución, las principales normas que regulan la cuestión y la jurisprudencia reciente del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. Luego, explora las posibilidades que genera la interacción entre la Unión y algunos países latinoamericanos. Para ello, presenta algunas normas nacionales e internacionales que tienden a la protección de los datos personales, con énfasis en el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos.
Abstract: This article presents the legal aspects of the data transference between the European Union and Latin American countries from the perspective of the European
Union Law. To this end, the author develops the main concepts of the European Union Law in terms of personal data, detailing its development, the principal norms and the recent decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union on this matter. Further on, the author explores the possibilities that follows to the interaction between the Union and some latin american countries. For that purpose, the author introduces some national and international regulations prone to personal data protection with emphasis in the interamerican system of Human Rights
Human Resource in Science and Technology
No full textThe phrase ‘Human Resources in Science and Technology’ (HRST) has been coined in the ‘Canberra Manual’ of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in order to identify and to measure for statistical purposes the special skilled labour force required by the rapid change and new challenges that are emerging in science and technology.
According to the Manual, HRST may refer to ‘human resources actually or potentially devoted to the systematic generation, advancement, diffusion and application of scientific and technological knowledge’.
Researchers and, in general, HRST represent an important share of employees within Europe and in the last twenty years, the phenomenon of the mobility of researchers and other HRST has dramatically increased because of the EU integration process and specific actions put in place by the EU, such as the Framework Programmes and, in particular, the Marie Skłodowska Curie actions, which are specifically focused on the mobility of researchers.
EU sources recognise that researchers and HRST have a particular position, introducing a specific understanding of the EU freedoms. As matter of fact, EU legal sources identified ‘freedom of knowledge’ as the ‘fifth freedom’.
In addition to freedom of circulation, EU law identifies several rights concerning HRST, as well as a set of obbligations
Party to Contracts
No full textWithin traditional private law, contracts are the main legal instruments to exchange patrimonial elements, mainly obligations and property rights, from one subject to another.
The position of the parties within the contract is characterised by at least three features: each party is expected to have interests different from those of the other party; the opposing interests of the parties must lead to a patrimonial balance, as a result of the exchange; the parties to a contract are considered to be formally equal, although they have different functions within the same contract.
During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the social and ideological context of private law changed substantially.
Particularly after the first half of the twentieth century, the construction of the traditional private law was put into crisis as a result of two phenomena: constitutionalisation and European integration.
Constitutions consider the fundamental rights of natural persons to be the centre of the legal system.
In particular, those processes are affecting the traditional ideas concerning the parties to the contracts
ROL DE LA JURISPRUDENCIA EUROPEA Y NACIONAL
No full textDurante los años 70 del siglo pasado, como en otros países europeos, el derecho de familia italiano fue renovado profundamente, especialmente para ser actualizado dentro del marco constitucional.
La ley de reforma n° 151 de 1975 implementó la igualdad de la mujer y del hombre en el ámbito de la familia, así como previsto por el artículo 29 de la Constitución italiana.
Por otra la parte, la normativa italiana sobre la filiación se siguió basando en la idea formal de las relaciones familiares, en particular relacionadas con el matrimonio entre una mujer y un hombre.
Durante los cuarenta años siguientes, el legislador italiano no ha cambiado mucho la disciplina de la filiación, por lo menos hasta la reciente ley n° 219 del 10 de diciembre de 2012.
Sin embargo, la filiación ha ido cambiando especialmente a causa de la labor interpretativa de los jueces nacionales, especialmente la Corte constitucional, pero también de los jueces europeos, es decir el Tribunal Europeo de los Derechos Humanos y el Tribunal de Justicia de Unión Europea.
Por tanto, se ha puesto en marcha un diálogo entre las cortes nacionales y regionales que ha transformado la disciplina jurídica de la filiación italiana mucho más allá de lo que ha hecho la legislación
Recipient of EU Programmes
No full textThe phenomenon of public funding has a long history and has been interesting to scholars for at least a couple of centuries.
However, an important system of public financing has developed only over the second half of the last century.
In particular, since the 1950s of the last century, European Union ‘programmes’ has become very important in Europe.
Under European Union law, a programme ‘means any activity, set of activities or other initiative which the relevant basic instrument or budgetary authorisation requires the Commission to implement for the benefit of one or more categories of specific beneficiaries, by committing expenditure’.
Beneficiaries, or better, recipients, participating in the EU Programmes assume obligations and acquire rights with respect to the Commission (or other funding authorities) and to the other co-beneficiaries
Ethics Advisor on Research Projects
No full textAccording to EU law, freedom of research is considered as a fundamental right (Article 13 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union).
However, to achieve the objective of building the European Research Area (‘ERA’) it is necessary to face the risks arising from scientific research and innovation.
In order to reinforce the protection of fundamental rights in the ERA Europe has to develop a system of shared values.
In particular, EU is identifying and elaborating ‘ethical fundamental principles’, that is to say, legal provisions as well as other kinds of rules (e.g. those established by case law, codes of practice, and opinions of ethics committees), whose scope is the protection of fundamental interests that may be affected by techno-science.
The EU takes into consideration the need to respect ethical rules, especially within the funding of the Framework Programmes, such as the present Horizon 2020.
According to the documents of the European Commission, the consortium of beneficiaries of a research programme should be supported by experts to ensure that it complies appropriately with ethical requirements.
In particular, the consortium is requested to appoint one or more ‘ethics advisors’.
The role of an ethics advisor is to provide the partnership as a whole, its bodies (steering committees, general assembly, etc.) and each beneficiary, with advice on specific issues or general opinions about the ethical aspects of the research activities, including the regulations adopted by the body of the consortium
Human Embryo
No full textThe term ‘human embryo’ is variously defined within the European legislations, both at national and supranational levels.
In particular the European legislation varies with respect to the ‘personhood’ of the human embryo and with respect to the answer to the question of when human life begins
Anyway, the legislations and the literature argue that a specific moral status has to be recognised for a human embryo.
Because of the special status of the human embryo, rules to protect it are provided by the legal sources.
Despite the differences in European legislation, some common principles are applicable to activities involving human embryos, especially in the fields of medicine and research
Il trattamento dei dati genetici a fini di ricerca scientifica
No full textAmong the novelties of the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 ("GDPR"), one can find a more systematic discipline concerning the processing of personal data for the scientific aims, contained within the Article 89 and other dispositions of the GDPR. In addition, the GDPR explicitly considers the genetic information as personal data. The scope of this paper is to study the consequences in application of the European discipline of the protection of personal data in research activities concerning genetic information. This also taking into consideration other aspects, such as the rules applicable to the use, for scientific purposes, of the biological material form which the genetic information may arise
CONCESSIONI DI SERVIZI E APPLICAZIONE DEI PRINCIPI IN MATERIA DI APPALTI , commento a Cons. Stato Sez. VI, 07-08-2015, n. 3910
No full textIl Consiglio di Stato ritiene in questa sentenza che alle concessioni di servizi si applichino le ipotesi di esclusione degli operatori economici,ai sensi dell’art. 38, D.Lgs. n. 163/2006, così come altre disposizioni letteralmente formulate solo per gli appalti (in particolare l’art. 48 riguardante i controlli sul possesso dei requisiti e l’art. 75, comma 6, relativo alle garanzie).
Queste e altre disposizioni possono applicarsi alle concessioni in quanto esse appaiono come una particolare declinazione dei contratti a titolo oneroso previsti nella disciplina comunitaria.
Le deroghe procedurali previste per le concessioni rispetto agli appalti pubblici appaiono giustificate in quanto il concessionario non riceve un corrispettivo dall’amministrazione aggiudicatrice ma, in tutto o in parte, percepisce dagli utenti il prezzo per i servizi forniti.
Questa tecnica di remunerazione determina un rischio per il concessionario di non vedere coperti i costi di gestione. Per questo motivo la legislazione comunitaria e quelle nazionali ammettono che le procedure di selezione non avvengano sulla base delle regole normalmente previste per gli appalti, ma attraverso forme negoziate.
Pertanto, nel sistema comunitario dei contratti pubblici non si possono richiamare altri criteri distintivi delle concessioni, tipici della tradizione amministrativistica italiana, basati su aspetti formali quali il fondamento autoritativo del rapporto.
In ogni modo, alle concessioni si applicano i principi che governano la materia dei contratti pubblici. Ciò sia per gli obiettivi generali della normativa comunitaria, sia per l’appartenenza di appalti e concessioni allo stesso ambito oggettivo, costituito dai contratti a titolo oneroso delle amministrazioni pubbliche.
Occorre tuttavia identificare quali principi governano le concessioni e come si traducono in regole che concretamente disciplinano il rapporto tra P.A. e concessionario
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