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A Behavioral and Risk-Management View of Reshoring
No full textThis paper adopts risk management arguments in line with the internationalization process of firms to theorize on reshoring as a decision-making process. While reshoring - the activity of bringing back activities from foreign markets - has previously mainly been discussed as a decision based on arguments from the economic tradition, we offer an alternative, behavioral view of what drives this phenomenon. Reshoring is here conceptualized as part of firms’ nonlinear internationalization process and we extend previous work by focusing on firm’s commitment, knowledge and uncertainty as key variables to explain firms’ behavior when considering decisions to reshore. Moreover we elaborate on how a behavioral view not only allows us to understand reshoring as a risk management decision, but also allows us to understand risk in relation to reshoring as relative and perceived rather than objective and absolute. We discuss the relevance of managers’ perception of risk and postulate five propositions concerning the effects of risk contingencies on a firm’s decision to reshore. This paper contributes to international business research by introducing a risk management perspective to the decisions of reshoring based on the internationalization process logic. In so doing, we specifically introduce the concept of likelihood of reshoring, a situation determined by three typologies of risks associated with the reshoring decision: host-country related risk, home-country related risk, and reshoring process specific risk. A model and propositions are presented to discuss how these risks may affect managerial decision-making on reshoring in different ways
Reshoring manifatturiero: analisi della letteratura e direttrici per future ricerche
No full textNON RICHIEST
A Behavioral and Risk-Management View of Reshoring
No full textThis paper adopts risk management arguments in line with the behavioral view of the internationalization process of firms to offer an alternative view of the phenomenon of reshoring. So far, research has been looking at reshoring as a decision, based on arguments of full or at least bounded rationality, in accordance with assumptions from the economic tradition. We conceptualize reshoring as part of firms’ nonlinear internationalization process and we extend previous work by focusing on firm’s commitment, knowledge and uncertainty as key variables to explain firms’ behavior when taking decisions to reshore. While arguing for two alternative assumptions, those of bounded rationality and sheer ignorance, in terms of managers’ knowledge when taking reshoring decisions, we elaborate a set of propositions concerning the effects of risk contingencies on a firm’s commitment behavior leading to reshoring. This paper contributes to international business research by discussing behavioral and risk management aspects related to reshoring
Reshoring manifatturiero: analisi della letteratura e direttrici per future ricerche
No full textIl fenomeno del reshoring manifatturiero – talvolta indicato anche con termini quali in-shoring, on-shoring, back-shoring, back-reshoring ed altri – si riferisce alla decisione delle aziende manifatturiere di ritrasferire nel paese di origine attività produttive che erano state precedentemente delocalizzate in paesi esteri (c.d. off-shoring). Si tratta quindi di una decisione di “dove produrre” indipendente dal “come produrre”, ovverosia dal fatto che le attività manifatturiere siano (prima e dopo il reshoring) internalizzate (out-sourcing) o esternalizzate (in-sourcing).
Il tema, che inizialmente è emerso in maniera aneddotica sui mezzi di comunicazione di massa, ha da alcuni anni attirato l’attenzione dei policy maker che hanno visto in tale fenomeno un possibile contributo alle strategie di re-industrializzazione dei paesi occidentali, nonché alla crescita dei posti di lavoro (per una rassegna aggiornata degli interventi di politica industriale pro-reshoring si rinvia a De Backer et al, 2016). Il fenomeno è stato attenzionato anche da parte della Commissione Europea che ha deciso di creare un osservatorio delle evidenze disponibili, al fine di definire idonei interventi legislativi di supporto.
Più recentemente, l’argomento è divenuto di interesse anche della comunità scientifica, specialmente nel campo dell’International Operation Managment. Ad oggi manca però una chiara sistematizzazione delle conoscenze disponibili e l’identificazione delle possibili direttrici di ricerca futura. In tal senso, il contributo intende offrire un’analisi critica della letteratura accademica esistente in base alla quale sviluppare un’agenda dei temi di ricerca che sarebbe opportuno approfondire nel prossimo futuro.
L’analisi della letteratura viene svolta attraverso il modello di content analysis proposto da Seuring and Gold (2012) che viene applicato rispetto ad un set di domande di ricerca riassumibili con l’espressione “5 Ws and 1H” (Who-What-Where-When-Why and How), già parzialmente utilizzata per investigare la letteratura in tema di off-shoring. (Mugurusi and de Boer, 2013)
Manufacturing Reshoring Explained: An Interpretative Framework of Ten Years of Research
No full textThe aim of this paper is to analyze and classify research that has been conducted on manufacturing reshoring, i.e., the decision to bring back to the home country production activities earlier offshored, independently of the governance mode (insourcing vs. outsourcing). Literature reviews proposed until now usually paid almost exclusive attention to motivations driving this phenomenon. This paper offers a broader and more comprehensive examination of the extant knowledge of manufactiring reshoring and identifies the main unresolved issues and knowledge gaps, which future research should investigate. Moreover, the purpose of the paper is to provide avenues for future research and highlight the distinct value of studying manufacturing reshoring either per se or in combination with other constructs of the international business tradition. A set of 49 carefully selected articles on manufacturing reshoring published in international journals or books indexed on Scopus in the last 10 years is systematically analyzed based on the “5 Ws and 1H” (Who-What-Where-When-Why and How) set of questions. Our work shows a certain convergence among authors regarding what reshoring is, what its key features and motivations are. In contrast, other related aspects, such as the decision making and implementation processes, are comparatively less understood
Manufacturing reshoring: a strategy to manage risk and commitment in the logic of the internationalization process model
No full textPurpose
This paper theorizes on the internationalization process model to explain cases of manufacturing reshoring as decisions taken to manage risk when internationalizing.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper has a conceptual nature. Building on the logic of the internationalization process model, we extend previous work by focusing on firms’ risk perception (determined by commitment, knowledge and uncertainty as key variables) to explain also reshoring decisions.
Findings
Four propositions were developed, concerning the likelihood of firms to make manufacturing reshoring decisions. The first two propositions deal with the effects of new risk contingencies, and the other two refer specifically to the effects of managerial perceptions of three different typologies of risk, namely host-country, home-country and reshoring-process specific risk.
Originality/value
While reshoring has been discussed mainly on the basis of economic arguments, this paper offers an alternative, behavioural view of this phenomenon as a risk-management strategic process. Therefore, it offers initial steps to theorize about reshoring from a risk-management perspective and, in doing so, opens up a number of avenues for future research
A network perspective on the reshoring process: The relevance of the home- and the host-country contexts
No full textWhile research on reshoring generally focuses on the host-country to explain why a company brings its previously offshored activities back home, this paper stresses the relevance also of the home-country context. Specifically, relying on the IMP (Industrial Marketing & Purchasing) perspective we show how offshoring and reshoring processes and decisions are both enabled and constrained by the micro-interactions and interdependencies in the industrial networks stretching over the home-country and the host-country. This work relies on a longitudinal case study about an Italian manufacturing firm to develop a model indicating how offshoring/reshoring is a long-term process which unfolds depending both on the focal firm's strategy and on its interplay with the embedding network. Next to this interactive process perspective, we contribute to the literature on reshoring and the global factory also the concept of “selective reshoring” whereby companies bring back a very specific sub-set of activities, which were previously fine-sliced and offshored, and re-embed these activities in their local home context. The more flexible and selective nature of this relocation of activities between different supply markets depends both on the firm's strategy and on the structure, overlap and evolution of the network elements located in the home- and host-country contexts
What do we know about manufacturing reshoring?
Full text linkPurpose
The aim of this paper is to analyze and classify research that has been conducted on manufacturing reshoring, i.e. the decision to bring back to the home country production activities earlier offshored, independently of the governance mode (insourcing vs outsourcing). Consequently, the paper also aims at providing avenues for future research and to highlight the distinct value of studying manufacturing reshoring either per se or in combination with other constructs of the international business tradition.
Design/methodology/approach
A set of 57 carefully selected articles on manufacturing reshoring published in international journals or books indexed on Scopus in the past 10 years was systematically analyzed based on the “5Ws and 1H” (who-what-where-when-why and how) set of questions.
Findings
The authors’ work shows a certain convergence among authors regarding what reshoring is and what its key features and motivations are. In contrast, other related aspects, such as the decision-making and implementation processes, are comparatively less understood.
Research limitations/implications
As manufacturing reshoring is a “recent” topic, for some of its aspects, only exploratory research is available to date, limiting the authors’ possibility to either characterize it in a more exhaustive way or highlight well-established patterns.
Practical implications
The paper demonstrates that studying reshoring will indeed contribute to expanding our understanding of internationalization processes and strategies in general and of production internationalization specifically. While past studies have argued that the learning derived from international experience would permit firms to overcome their unfamiliarity with new business environments, reshoring might show that this outcome is not necessarily certain. Rather, firms might not be able to overcome obstacles because of internationalization or they might realize that attempting to do so is not desirable, e.g. because of excessive risk or changes in the firm’s strategic priorities.
Social implications
From a societal point of view, the present research underlines that reshoring can be part of that re-industrialization policy that many Western countries include in their economic agenda – yet, its impact on employment should not be overestimated, as often relocation is only in regard to some product lines. At the same time, there might be an intimate relationship between reshoring and the various forms of technological innovations applied to manufacturing – which has become popularly labeled as “Industry 4.0”.
Originality/value
Literature reviews proposed until now usually paid almost exclusive attention to motivations driving this phenomenon. This paper offers a broader and more comprehensive examination of the extant knowledge of manufacturing reshoring and identifies the main unresolved issues and knowledge gaps, which future research should investigate
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