110,382 research outputs found
Climate-smart Agricultural Production: Opportunity and Challenge Based on the Assessment of Environmental Adaptations
No full text所謂「氣候智能( 慧) 型農業(Climate-smart Agriculture; CSA)」乃近年來形成並被大力推廣之農業生產系統，期望能在維護糧食安全、因應氣候變遷及永續天
然資源利用與生產利潤上達到理想的『三贏(triple win)』境界。本文將簡介CSA 的意涵，並藉由環境親和的調適來說明CSA的內容與重點，期以有助於國內在推動CSA 之前進行適當的評估，充分的分析其社經重要性、市場機會與執行挑戰。對於資源有限、環境趨於惡化又災害頻繁的臺灣而言，假若農業生產依然是全民共同的選項，糧食安全維護是
國家最高的發展政策，氣候變遷因應列為政府行動綱領，則在各方共識之下我國確實可以嘗試推動CSA 生產系統。但是，CSA 的規劃需要周詳慎密的考量，以國家整體利益及未來經建發展為上位的指導方針。至於如何研擬出適合我國的CSA 體系，並規劃出達成目標的特定行動路線圖，則端賴大家有志一同的努力、毅力與魄力！
‘Climate-smart Agriculture (CSA)’ is a newly
evolved production system for agriculture that to secure food security and sustainable use of natural resources and production profits under a changing climate scenario, as well as lead to a ‘triple win’ agricultural development. This paper will introduce the implications of CSA and advocate the importance and implementation of
this production system through adaptation approach with emphasis on environmental
friendly aspects. Nevertheless, a fully assessment and evaluation of its socio-economic significance, market opportunities and challenges during its implementation is necessary. Indeed, the practice of CSA in Taiwan is an option and may become practical when the stakeholders of the local community and government realize the situations of limiting resources, deteriorating environment
and frequently occurring disasters that this island country is facing. Planning of CSA policies and practices requires strategic consideration and follows the guidelines of national benefits and development. However, more efforts to plan site-specific CSA framework and ensure a successful roadmap for action are needed. The only thing left is that do we really want to have CSA, and a discussion of what, when and how
Assessment of the severity of bacterial leaf blight in rice using canopy hyperspectral reflectance
No full textBacterial leaf blight (BLB) is an important vascular disease of irrigated rice and serious infestations may cause a significant loss of yield. This study analyzed hyperspectral canopy reflectance spectra of two rice cultivars with different susceptibilities to BLB to establish spectral models for assessing disease severity for future site-specific management. The results indicated that wavebands from 757 to 1039 nm were the most sensitive region of the spectrum for the moderately susceptible cultivar TNG 67, whereas most narrow bands showed a significant relationship for the highly susceptible cultivar TCS 10. All the spectral indices (SIs) calculated had significant relationships with proportions of infested area in cultivar TCS 10, but only two SIs correlated significantly with cultivar TNG 67. The relation between the severity of the disease and spectral reflectance for the less susceptible cultivar TNG 67 can be improved by using a multiple linear regression approach
Bei cui can de sheng ming: du mu ju ji.
No full text一齊向內轉 -- 被摧殘的生命 -- 孤島之夜 -- 寧静的江南.楊揚著.Yang Yang zhu.Yi qi xiang nei zhuan -- Bei cui can de sheng ming -- Gu dao zhi qiu -- Ning jing de jiang nan
水稻與稗草競爭關係之探討(三)生長比較
No full textBarnyardgrass [Echinochoa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] is a common and troublesome weed species found in paddy field and damaging to rice yield in Taiwan (Yang, 1995b). However, there is no information available on growth behavior of barnyardgrass grown together with rice under the current cropping system in Taiwan. Field experiments were therefore carried out at the experimental farm of Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung Hsien, to study growth patterns of these two species and the variations in competition. Results showed that plant height of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Tainung No.67) and barnyardgrass increased rapidly after transplanting in both pure and competed populations and generally barnyardgrass grew faster and taller than rice in either crop. When grown with barnyardgrass, tiller and leaf numbers of rice were lower than the pure stands in both cropping seasons, and vice versa. Barnyardgrass was superior to rice in tillering capacity but fell down dramatically than rice in competition with the opponent. Leaf number and leaf area had the similar phenomenon, but rice produced greater leaf area than barnyardgrass in both crops. Rice and barnyardgrass exhibited marked differences in aboveground plant biomass accumulation. Biomass accumulation of rice was higher than of barnyardgrass, and both were reduced m competition of alien species. By growth analyses, it was shown that ratios of culm (CWR)， leaf (LWR) and panicle (PWR) weights were not altered by the competition in both plants. More biomass was found allocated to culm than to leaves. LWR was in a debasing trend after transplanting. CWR of rice reached the maximum at 60 (2nd crop, 1994) and 75 days (1st crop, 1995) after transplanting and then declined rapidly, whereas bamyardgrass maintained its CWR throughout the growth. Therefore, PWR increased linearly in rice and curvilinearly in barnyardgrass. As the results indicated, the two species exhibited differences in growth and competitiveness. Rice had higher leaf area Per Plant than barnyardgrass that offers an advantage competing for light but barnyanigrass is superior in plant elongation and early maturity to rice that help its Population in competitiveness in the field.
稗草[Echinochoa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.]乃水田常見之雜草，與水稻同步競爭環境自然資源，嚴重干擾水稻的生長及產量表現(Yang，1995b)。有關水稻與稗草在本省兩 期作生產系統下之生長行為及兢爭狀態時之差異•目前尚無文獻资訊可供參考•因此本研究特於臺灣省農業試驗所農場（臺中縣霧峰鄉）進行田間試驗，探討、比較此兩植物之生長差異性及競爭反應。參試水稻臺農67號(Oryza sativa L. cv. Tainung No. 67)栽植密度222,000株/公頃（行株距0.30公尺x 0.15公尺，小區面積2公尺x 7公尺），稗草對照組栽植密度一如水稻者，處理區則以稗草栽植於水稻行間，密度為15株/平方公尺。根據試驗结果，無論係對照或處理區，水稻與裨草在移植至本田後株高迅即增加，而稗草植株在一、二期作均較水稻高且伸長快。在混合族群競爭狀態下，此兩種植物在兩期作的分蘗數及葉片數皆減少。稗草的葉片數與分蘗能力雖然大於水稻，但是在競爭狀況下，其降低幅度高於水稻。兩者之葉面積在到達最高值後便下降，惟兩期作水稻單株葉面積均較稗草多。水稻與稗草地上部生質量的累積曲線呈現明朋差距，水稻之累積量大於稗草，惟兩者皆因競爭而降低。經由生長分析發現，稈重比(CWR)、葉重比(LWR)及穗重比(PWR)都不因競爭關係造成顯著差異，而生質量分佈於稈部多於葉部。兩植物之葉重比自移植後即呈下降趨勢，水稻之稈重比在到達高峰後（二期作約需60天，一期作約需75天）迅速減少，稗草之稈重比則持續維持。水稻之穗重比自抽穗後即呈線性增加，稗草抽穗早於水稻，穗重比以曲線趨勢和緩增加。試驗顯示，水稻與稗草具有不同的生長表現及競爭能力，水稻單株葉面積高於稗草，在光照競爭上較具優勢，有利於生質量的生成與蓄積；稗草植株伸長快而早熟，能在水田迅速建立族群，提升其競爭力
Key Elements and Technology for Precision Agriculture
No full text人類的農藝史係一段長期實際耕作加上經驗累積與不斷改良的發展歷程，對於可耕地的耕作方法傳統上在同一塊農田採用一致性(uniform)的耕犛、施肥、播種與病蟲害管理等作業，完全忽略了天然和人為連續性處理引起農田各定點的時空變異。長期下來，農田的諸種環境問題必然逐一衍生，例如土壤營養元素不均衡、酸鹼值不對、人造化學品殘毒累積、及化學毒物自農田的滲流與排放等，導致土質劣化而不利於農作生產。自二十世紀末起環保意識大大抬頭，精準農業理念的倡導亦因運而起，迅速而廣泛的受到世界各地重視，各種實務性的作扶也開始試驗性的展開，逐漸的形成較為完整的理論與作業系統。精準農業或稱精準農耕、特定地點農耕、處方式農耕、變異率應用技術等，由知係一正在發展中融合多元學術領域之嶄新現代化農業應用科技，發展歷史甚短迄今僅約二十年。精準農業簡要的說就是瞭解與關懷農田（土壤與農作物）的想法和作法，提供同步提升作物品質及環境保護機會而達到永續精準管理農業系統之目的。成功實施精準農業之關鍵要素為資訊(information)、科技(technology)、及經營管理(management)等三項，相關統合型科技為特定農田管理與決策支援系統(site-specific management & decision support system)、遙測與監視系統(remote sensing and spatial -monitoring system)、差異性農機作業系統(differential action system)、及農場經營管理系統(farm anagement system)等四種，本文並特別介紹四種重要的個別型關鍵科技：(1)遙測科技、(2)全球定位系統、(3)地理資訊系統、及(4)變異率施用科技。
Conventional arable land management has developed towards managing fields uniformly while ignoring the inherent spatial and temporal variability found on most farmlands. The management practices have evolved from personal experience over generations. Strategy options are limited to reduce loss in crop production and decision making tends to over treat land with agrochemicals. As a result, deleterious effects on the farmland ecosystem, pollution of water resources, and human health problem etc. occur by the misuse of farming strategy. Precision agriculture, also known as precision farming, site-specific farming and prescription agriculture, is a management system enabled by the advent of applicable information and technologies with the goal of increased efficiency and economic gains in the agricultural activities. It is still a developing technology that integrates and modifies
existing techniques to produce a new set of sophisticated system approach for the management of agriculture. With this framework, varied treatments are applied at a fine-scale local level and variability in soil and crops are precisely monitored, assessed, and treated. It is not necessarily to attain the maximum yield but may be to maximize financial advantage while operating to overcome environmental impacts. There will be a significant improvement on the use of management information and control systems and an increased efficiency of decision making and operation. Key elements for a successful precision agriculture are information, technology, and management with remote sensing, global positioning system, geographic information system, and variable-rate application technique as four most important technologies
Applications of Spectroradionietry and Infrared Thermal Imagery Techniques on Agricultural Production
No full text以人爲中心的環境定義泛指孕育及影響人類生存、健康與生活在内的所有具有生命無生命的空間和物質，農業的生產環境因加上其他與農業生產有關的有形和無形的資材及資材和環境的交感，而增加了空間與時間的複雜度與不安定度。就農作物生產而言，由於作物在生育過程中經常遭遇或發生各種生物性及非生物性的逆境，因此最大量往往達不到其遺傳谮能。爲了維持或延續適量(或一可接受量)的作物生產，確有必要採行任何可行方法與措施來調節作物生長狀況，並減少或降低逆境的負面效應。環境的構成因素相當複雜，環境事件非常的繁複，擬加以硏究必須採以科學的方法，而輻射光譜及紅外線熱像技術提供了工具的選擇。本文將著重於農業生產上的闡述，尤其是農作物的生產，期以傳播有關遙感探測技術的實用功能，特別是輻射光譜及紅外線熱像技術的實用價値，而能推廣、擴大應用於各種農業活動及自源资源探測等之考量。
From the center of human being, the Environment is comprised of every animate and inanimate influence which bears upon him, his life, health and livelihood. The environment of agricultural production is more complicated by the addition of the materials put into cultivation system through man, and the temporal and spatial variations. For crop production, maximaum yield can hardly be reached to genetic potential since many stress envrionment will be encountered during growing period. It is therefore necessary to take any appropriate means to prevent or reduce the negative effects of stresses and the adjustment strategies to improve plant growth.
The constituents of a crop production envrionment are complex even studied with scientific methodologies. Spectroradiometry and infrared thermal imagery techniques are among means of choice. This paper describes and evaluates the functions and applications of remote sensing, especially the values and usefulness in using these two techniques
Strategies and Practices Leading to the Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases Emissions during Crops Production
No full text氣候的快速變遷現象近年來已成為眾所矚目的全球性議題，其形成原因普遍被歸諸於自19 世紀工業革命兩百年以來，大氣中各種溫室氣體持續蓄積的結果。不僅因此增強了地球的溫室效應，也造成全球的溫暖化趨勢。農業的生產過程中會釋出若干溫室氣體至大氣中，促使氣候的不穩定或更劇烈的變化，反過來說農業生產也會受到氣候變化與變遷的影響，兩者互為因果。為期人類糧食的穩定供應，生活空間的長久維持，乃至於大地萬物的生生不息，吾人應當關切溫室氣體排放與氣候變遷問題，並積極謀求因應對策、規劃適當調整方向。如此，才有機會減降溫室氣體排放量，減輕對農業(農作物)生產的負面衝擊，復兼顧環境保護、生態維護和糧食生產。農業生產相關的最主要溫室氣體為二氧化碳、甲烷及氧化亞氮等三種，以土壤釋出的氧化亞氮、富含有機質土壤栽培期間逸釋的氧化亞氮與甲烷、反芻動物發酵排放的甲烷、動物糞便管理過程產生的甲烷與氧化亞氮、以及操作農業使用能源產生的二氧化碳與甲烷等為最大宗，透過不同技術、經營管理措施及系統性方法與策略，吾人能夠減少這些溫室氣體的排放量，進而達到逐年減降目標。而二氧化碳、甲烷及氧化亞氮亦為農作生產排放的主要溫室氣體，本文將試予探討其等排放源及減降對策，期以助益於國內農業之永續發展。
Accelerating of climate change has become an important global issue recently and has been attributed to mainly the result of long term accumulation of vast greenhouse gases (GHGs) since industrial revolution commenced in the late nineteenth century. It causes not only the strengthening of greenhouse effect but the moving force of global warming trend. GHGs may also be released to atmosphere during the processes of agricultural production and contribute to the deterioration of the effect. On the other hand, climate change exerts confounding impacts on agricultural production too. As GHGs emissions are resulted from human activities for meeting food demand of growing population, anyone who lives in the global village should consider playing an active role in mitigating problems evolving from GHGs emissions and climate change. With effective strategies and practices to reduce GHGs emissions and the negative effects on agricultural/crops production, it then be possibly keeping goals of environmental protection, ecological preservation and food production maintaining in the same time in the future. The main GHGs emitted from agricultural/crops production are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). This paper will try to explore the possible ways to mitigate these three GHGs emissions with the mind to in favor of sustaining local agriculture development
Current Research and Development of Precision Agriculture - Viewpoints from Attending 2008 International Conference on Precision Agriculture
No full text國際上現有三項較大型國際性精準農業會議，以提供議題討論平台來促進精準農業的推廣與應用，並以配合精準農業科學(技)、產業與事業的發展。2008 年7 月20-23 日在美國科羅拉多州丹佛市舉行的第九屆國際精準農業會議(2008 International Conference on Precision Agriculture; 2008 ICPA)，依照來自世界各地研究人員的投遞論文內容與原訂類別，將論文主題劃分為二十大項，以彰顯精準農業的重要研究與應用成果，並展示新近的研發技術與資訊管理。如此豐富而多元的精準農業內涵與應用層面，顯示出歷經二十多年的演進，精準農業已發展成為兼具理論與實務的廣面向科技。以農耕系統而言，從播種、栽培至收獲，皆可納入精準農業作業範疇，給予全方位的精準管理。
There are three renown international conferences held specific for Precision Agriculture (PA) with the intention to provide the forum for presentations on the current state of PA research and applications. The 9th International Conference on Precision Agriculture (2008 ICPA) was held at the Hyatt Regency Tech Center in Denver, Colorado from July 20-23, 2008. There were more than 500 attendees from all over the world with twenty subjects arranged to highlight significant research and applications in areas of PA and showcase emerging technologies and information management. Such fruitful contexts and applications indicate the multi-facets and achievements of this developing agricultural managing system. For crops cultivation, practices from seeding, planting to harvesting can all be managed precisely in a site-specific way
Agro-ciimatic Disasters from 1945 to 1993 In Taiwan and the Coupling Research Direction
No full text農作物的生產，除了本身遺傳因子之控制外，明顯的受到外在環境變異的影響。由於特殊的地理位置與地形條件及多變的氣候，臺灣地區的農業災害種類多而頻繁，所遭受的農業損失更是非常龐大。根據臺灣農業年報的統計，從1945年至1993年之間，農業災害的估計損失高達新臺幣九百餘億元，每年的平均損失約爲十八億四千萬元。若予進一步分析，發現農業災害中以農業氣象災害所占比例最高，達到97.25 %。顯然的，農政機關及各試驗硏究單位亟需針對農業氣象災害問題進行硏究、探討，採行有效的管理策略或防治（範）措施，以降低農業氣象災害的損失。
In addition to the genetic factors, environmental variables play an important role in governing crop production. Due to the unique geographic and topographic characteristics and the large variations in climate, there are a number of agricultural d is asters falling in Taiwan and resulting in tremendous economic loss every year. Data from Taiwan Agricultural Yearbooks (1945-1993) indicated that the estimated loss of agricultural disasters were more than 90 bill ions of New Taiwan Dallars, approximately NT $ 1,840 millions per year. Among the categories of agricultural disasters, 97.25% of the estimated loss were agricultural climatic (agro-climatic) disasters. It is therefore recommended to strengthen the necessary research and management practices to reduce the economic loss from agro-climatic disasters
水稻與稗草競爭關系之探討（一)水稻對稗草之壓制效應
No full textField experiments were conducted in the experimental farm of Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute to study the suppressing effect of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv.Tainung NO.67) on growth and productivity of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beativ.] plants of Barnyardgrass were grown interlined to rice with the same plant distance and in the ratio of 1:1,and with pure stands as checks in the second crop of 1993 and the first crop of 1994. It was shown that generally growth of barnyardgrass was suppressed by rice when grown together in the paddy field. Rice exerted a strong suppressing effect from the early growth stage for the second crop while such effect became significant in the later growth stage for the first crop. Dry weights of leaves, sheaths (with stems) and panicles (with caryopses) were decreased by the competition of rice during growing period. At harvest, the suppression of panicle weight of barnyardgrass was significant only in the first crop. Productivity of sheaths was higher than of leaves in barnyardgrass without the competition of rice as indicated in the decreasing leaf sheath weight ratio. The proportion of sheaths to leaves increased greatly from 30 days after transplanting. When competed with rice in the second crop, barnyardgrass built up their leaves significantly in the early growth stage. Barnyardgrass was tended to produce more caryopses in competition with rice, especially in the second crop. Without rice competition, the reproduction capability was prevailing in the first crop.
本研究係於1993年二期作及1994年一期作在臺灣省農業試驗所農場進行田間試驗，以探討水稻對稗草生長及繁殖之抑制效應。水稻行株距為0.3×0.5m，稗草植株採相同行株距以1：1比率插植於水稻行間，另以全區栽植稗草植株者為對照。根據試驗結果，當同時生活在可相互影響的空間內，稗草將因水稻的競爭受到生長限制。對二期作而言，水稻的壓制效應於稗草生育早期即已呈現，一期作則彰顯於生育後期，包括葉片重，莖稈重、及穗重均低。收穫時，一期作之稗草穗重明顯下降。由（葉片/莖’稈）重量比得知，在無水稻壓制狀況下稗草生育期間莖稈增加速率高於葉片，尤其自移植至水田後30天起快速累增。惟在二期作生育早期，稗草因水稻的競爭而大量生產葉片。結果亦顯示，水稻的競爭壓力似能促進稗草穎果的生產，尤以二期作者顯著。對照植株穎果生產量則以一期作之稗草較高
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