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(32(1):39-49)荔技大核與小核種果實性狀變異之研究
No full textVariation of fruit characters within and among trees were studied in two shriveled-seed varieties of ‘Sah Keng’ and ‘Kang Wei’ and the most widely cultivated normal-seed variety ‘Hak Ip’. Analysis of variance showed that the variation among trees contributed more to the total variability than that within tree. Analysis also indicated that the variation among locations was much greater than that of within and among trees, in ‘Hak Ip’ variety.
In general, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, shell weight, and aril weight were not significantly different within tree. The protuberance of the shell, aril color, percentage of shrivelled seeds and ratio of aril weighs in fruit were not significantly different both within and among trees in most locations. The variation of soluble solids, flavor and seed size were different depending on the varieties and locations.
The shrivelled seed of ‘Sah Keng’, ‘Kang Wei’ and ‘Hak Ip’ were 36%, 26%, and 0%, respectively. Eating quality of shrivelled-seed fruits were superior to normal-seed fruits in smaller seed size and higher aril ratio. The fruit diameter, fruit Weight, and shell weight were highly correlated to seed size in two shrivelled-seed varieties, but not in normal-seed variety. The fruit size and fruit weight of normal-seed variety were larger and heavier than shrivelled-seed fruit, however, the soluble solids was not significantly different.
研究荔枝小核種沙坑及港尾晚生與大核種黑葉果實性狀品種間、株間與株內之變異，由變方分析結果顯示果實性狀株間變異大於株內變異；最廣泛栽培黑葉之四個地區綜合分析結果顯示地區間果實性狀變異大於株間及株內。果長、果徑、果重、果殼重及果肉重等性狀株間之差異為顯著，而株內差異不顯著斗在多數地區之果棘、果肉色、小核率及果肉率於株間及株內之差異均不顯著；而可溶性固形物，風味及種子大小之差異因地區及品種而有異。
沙坑、港尾晚生及黑葉等品種之小核率分別為 36%、 26%及 0%，二小核種之可溶性固形物與黑葉種相近，其他性狀之差別亦於本文中分別比較。
比較小核種沙坑及港尾晚生品種內大核果及小核果之差異，顯示大核果之果實大小及果重略大於小核果；但其可溶性固形物含量差異不顯著。小核果較大核果之優點為種子小，高果肉率及易於剝除果肉。二小核種之果徑、果重及果殼重與種子大小之相關均高且顯著，而大核種果實性狀和種子大小之相關係數均低且不顯著
(33(3):257-264)沙坑種荔枝正常果及焦核果之生長
No full textThe growth of seeded and seedless fruits of ‘Sah Keng’ variety litchi was studied. The seed grew rapidly in the early stage, the normal and aborted seeds could not be macroscopically distinguished until about 30 days after full bloom. The volume and weight of normal seed increased continually and attended full size about 50 days after full bloom, however the aborted seed grew slowly and ceased about 40 days after full bloom. The growth of volume of seeded fruit, expressed as three components length, diameter and thickness, was larger than seedless fruit. Increase in fruit length mainly occurred at early stage while that in diameter and thickness mainly occurred at later stage. Fruit weight increased rapidly in the later stage due to the growth of aril. The weight of seeded fruit was heavier than seedless fruit through growth period, but the aril weight between seeded and seedless fruit were not significantly different. It suggested that the seed size might he less important on the growth of aril in litchi. The total soluble solids in fruit increased continually and reached the maximum at maturity. The total soluble solids of seeded fruit was higher than seedless fruit, but not significantly.
研究荔枝沙坑種正常果及焦核果各構成部份之生長顯示種子於初期迅速增大，至花後 30 天正常及焦核種子發育即有顯著不同，此後正常種子之體積及重量均繼續增加，至花後 50 天即接近成熟大小，焦核則生長緩慢至 40 天即停止發育。果實體積以果長、果徑及果厚表示，正常果均大於焦核果，果長於初期增加較速，果徑及果厚在後期增加較速。果重在發育後期因果肉之生長而迅速增加，於發育過程，正常果之果重均顯著大於焦核果，但果肉重之差別則不顯著，顯示種子大小對果肉生長之影響不大。果肉可溶性固形物含量於發育期持續增加，至成熟期達到最高，正常果之可溶性固形物含量高於焦核果，但二者差異不顯著
Lychee Production in the World
No full text荔枝主要分佈於南北回歸線內之亞熱帶地區及熱帶地區之中高海拔冷涼山區，世界總種植面積約為80萬公頃，栽培國家及地區依次為中國（佔全世界之80%以上）、印度、越南、泰國、馬達加斯加、臺灣，其他如巴基斯坦、墨西哥、孟加拉、尼泊爾均低於1萬公頃，其餘美國、南非、澳洲等地均為少量，中南美洲為新興產區。荔枝為亞熱帶果樹，原產中國大陸之華南地區及越南北部，因外觀美麗，風味優良，於18-20世紀之間，逐漸向世界各地流傳，例如緬甸(西元1700年)，臺灣(1720年以前)，各地荔枝品種仍以中國引進或其後代衍生之品種為主，產期大致在4-8月(北半球)及11-2月(南半球)，3月及10月為荔枝缺乏期，只有少數地點受氣候之影響可全年生產如美國夏威夷島及東南亞中高海拔山區(越南大叻及泰國清邁)。世界各國栽培荔枝之問題均相似，包括缺乏優良品種，隔年結果嚴重，產量偏低，產期偏短，採收後處理技術缺乏，急待開發加工產品。中國為荔枝最大生產地，荔枝分佈區域南達海南省三亞市，北至四川攀枝花(9個緯度)，東起福建省莆田市，西達雲南元陽縣(18個經度)。產期自4月下旬至8月下旬(約120天)，主要產期在6月中至7月下旬(45天，佔75%)。中國荔枝約220餘品種，主要栽培者約25品種，以黑葉最多，次為妃子笑。每年舉辦全國荔枝研討會，發表論文近百篇。澳洲荔枝之栽培面積佔世界總量之比率極低，但無論在品種改良，田間栽培管理之機械化，特殊的網室栽培，半自動採收處理作業及荔枝生產者協會之農民組織，均有特殊之處，值得參考。目前荔枝生產區域已從傳統產區向中南美洲迅速擴展，中國之面積已達穩定(略有減少)，中南美洲(如巴西)將會有較大面積之增產。
Lychee production is distributed in subtropical lowland and cold hilly tropical area around the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The total area and production is 795,000 ha and 2.5 million MT respectively in 2005. The main production countries are China, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Madagascar, Taiwan， Pakistan, Mexico, Bangladesh, Nepal and some minors including USA, South Africa and Australia. Central and South American countries are new and potential area (more than 1500 ha in Brazil in 2007).
All lychee varieties in the world are derived from China and their progenies. Main season is concentrated between April to August in north hemisphere and November to February in south hemisphere. The lychee is lack in March and October in the market. However, some area such as Hilo, Hawaii, Daloc, Vietnam and Northern Thailand which are affected by cold temperature and able to produce lychee year round.
The constraints of lychee production are similar in the world. Lack of elite cultivar, alternate bearing, low yield, short season and shelf life and less processing products are main problems confronted to this industry.
The international trade of lychee is few (only 50-60 thousands MT, less than 2% of total production) and limited by short shelf life. China, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, India, Australia, South Africa, Israel, Madagascar and Mauritius are main export countries.
The production has been extended from traditional area to Central and South American Countries. The lychee production area has been approached maximum and may decrease in China. The area in Vietnam will be increased for local consumption and export. Large scale increase is predicted in Central and South American Countries such as Brazil
Realignment of Tropical Fruit Production to Climate Change in Taiwan
No full text氣候變遷對台灣熱帶果樹之影響為經由地球暖化急遽氣候變化引起之災害,其因素依次為雨量.溫度.光照.
The effects of climatic change on tropical fruit production are mainly through the damages induced by dramatic chang of rainfall,temperature,high
Fruit Growth and Improvement of Quality in Fruit Crops
No full text果實生長之形態，生理及化學變化及其發育模式因果實種類而異，對果實品質之要求亦因而不同。果實本身與環境之變化均影響果實之生長及品質。本文謹就本省果樹果實生長發育與品質相關者試加以探討，並提出問題包括：1.果實發育時醣與有機酸之代謝及控制因素。2.荔枝龍眼果實之發育與退甘及無子果生產之可行性。3.果實水分轉運與果實品質與生理病害之關係。4.套袋對果實品質之影響。
Morpology, physilogy, constituents and growth patterns of fruits are varied with different fruit species. The requirements of quality are also different. The growth and quality of fruit are affected both by fruit itself and environments. Following topics and problems about fruit growth and quality encountering in Taiwan are reviewed and discussed: 1) Sugar and organic acid metabolism and control during fruit development, 2) Fruit development, desweeting, and induction of seedless fruit in litchi and longan 3) water turnover and its effects on fruit quality, and 4) effects of bagging on fruit quality
Selection and Prospects of New Fruit Crops in Taiwan
No full text台灣原生果樹種類數量有限，可供為果實利用者更少，現有重要水果多為早年先民分別自中國大陸、東南亞國家及中南美國家直接或間接引進，經多年之研發而有今日台灣水果之名聲。雖然如此，台灣水果生產仍有不少問題，尤其盛產低價更造成農民、消費者及政府三方均蒙受損失及受害，使近年來各類水果栽培面積及台灣水果總面積均逐漸減少。創新為產業發展之動力，此時新水果種類之增加將可分擔盛產低價之壓力，且能提升農民收益，新果樹引進、開發及推廣可說為果樹產業發展之動力。
台灣新水果種類之引進、開發及利用已有多年之歷史，光復之後，多次之引種促成現在水果產業之蓬勃發展，在行政院農委會農業試驗所及嘉義分所、鳳山分所之主導下，蒐集有豐富之果樹資源，近十餘年，因各地區之需求，其他農業改良場及大學校院亦參與開發，加上開放觀光後，國民外出旅遊帶回之種苗，使新果樹種類日益增加，且面積漸增，仙人掌紅龍果為極佳之範例。
近二十年來，自國外引進新興果樹種苗及種子者極為普遍，經多年評估，具有生產潛力者可適量生產者為：紅龍果、黃晶果、星蘋果、小波羅蜜（榴槤蜜）、巴西櫻桃、白柿、紅毛丹、山荔枝、蘋婆及黃皮，可少量生產者為黑柿、太平洋榅桲。此類果樹，不少已選有優良品系者，其他果樹如鳳果、榴槤、蘭撒果、楊桃等果樹亦有不少試作及優良株系，但因生育期長，未來發展仍待觀察。馬米果、綠柿、蜜果、可可、黃龍及甜香百香果等果樹仍待擴大種原蒐集。
Innovation including exploitation of new fruit crops, promotes the development of industry. Introduction and exploitation of new fruit crops has significantly improved and will also continuously promote fruit industry in Taiwan. The collections and conservation of fruit resources reflect the power of a country as well. Few native fruit species was found in Taiwan before, most of important fruit crops were introduced abroad. Fruit production plays important role more than rice, vegetable and other crops and accounted for 36.75% of agricultural products in Taiwan in 2009. However, overproduction, increase of cost and pests has caused the decrease of fruit production area in past 2 decades. Development of new fruit crop is one of the solutions to improve fruit industry in Taiwan.
Fruit resources conservation and research have been conducted in Taiwan mainly locates at Agricultural Research Institute and its two branch stations. However, some important fruit crops are duplicated conserved and studied at other stations and universities including National Pingtung University of Science and Technology. Private company and farmers are also involved due to expanding tours abroad. Introduction and development of pitaya (dragon fruit) is one successful example of exploitation of new fruits.
The studies in past 2 decades at NPUST indicate that chempedak, wampee, pulasan, Brazil cherry, star apple, white sapote, black sapote and mamee sapote are potential new fruit crops in Taiwan. Among them, potential clones are selected in chempedak, wampee, pulasan, Brazil cherry, star apple and abiu
越南紅龍果的生產現與銷售
No full textDragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) is one of the most important fruit crops in Vietnam, ranking firstin global areas and production. Recently, the planting area of dragon fruit has rapidly increased to approximately 28,500 ha, producing 585,000 tones of fruit per year. About 80-85% of total fruit productivity is for export to more than thirty countries and territories, which has contributed to 203 million USD, accounting for nearly 45 % of total national fruit export value. Beside the results of dragon fruit production and marketing in Vietnam are presented, the types of cultivars, advanced cultivation practices and post-harvest techniques are introduced in this paper
紅龍果開花生物學及授粉需求之研究
No full textThis study explored the flowering biology and effects of pollination methods ((hand cross-, hand self-, automatic self-, and open-pollination) on fruit set, and fruit characteristics in 4 red pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) genotypes: [‘Vietnam White’ (‘VN-White’), ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’, and ‘F11’] in Pingtung, Taiwan. The fruit production season started from the beginning of May and ended at the beginning of September with 6-7 flowering cycles and 22-32 flowers/plant/year. The flowering duration took from 15-19 days and fruit duration spent around 30 -32 days. The relative location of anthers were lower than the stigma, except in ‘VN-White’. ‘VN-White’, fully self-compatible, obtained high fruit set rates (80.0 -90.5%) in all pollination treatments and the maximum fruit weight (402.6 g) in hand self- and (403.4 g) in open-pollination. ‘Chaozhou 5’ was partially self-compatible while ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ were completely self-incompatible. Hand cross-pollination significantly increased fruit set and fruit weight in ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’. Total soluble solid (TSS) content was not influenced by pollination methods.
本研究探討四個紅龍果基因型在屏東的開花生物學及授粉方法(人工雜交、自交、自然自交及開放授粉)對著果及果實性狀之影響。其開花期約在5月初至9月初之間，每年每株有6-7批花以及22-32朵花。花苞孕育期約15-19天，而果實生長期約30-32天。除了｀越南白肉´之外，其它品種花藥的相對位置均低於柱頭。完全自交親和之‘越南白肉’在所有授粉處理中均有高的著果率(80.0 – 90.5%)，且在人工自交及開放授粉下有最大果重。｀潮州5號´為部分自交親和，而｀Orejona´及｀F11´為完全自交不親和。人工雜交授粉顯著增加｀潮州5號´、｀Orejona´及｀F11´之著果率。授粉處理對果肉可溶性固形物並無顯著影響
Application of Flowering Characteristics in the Breeding of New Indian Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) Cultivar-“Kaohsiung No. 6”
No full textOther than the key traits, selection of suitable pollinizer that can match maternal
cultivar in flowering duration with the complementary flowering types will be useful in
saving space and lowering costs in breeding plots by increasing the selection efficiency,
and in turn to speed the release of new cultivar. Therefore, in this study, maternal
cultivars of “Mejao” and “Teinme” (afternoon flowering type) were chosen to be
surrounded by morning flowering type pollinizer such as “Hongyun” etc in the breeding
plot. The KIS-90302 was selected from the hybrid progenies of 480 hybrid seedlings.
It showed longer fruit size and shape, lower fruit acidity, thinner fruit skin and higher
flesh rate, finer flesh texture with better taste, and higher yield and proportion of later
fruit production in the line tests. KIS-90302 that possessed 13 distinct, uniform and
stable traits was officially registered as the “Kaohsiung No. 6” with trade name of
“Sweet” in 2007
The Development of Sapiandaceae Fruit Crops in Taiwan
No full text荔枝龍眼等無患子科果樹為台灣重要經濟果樹，栽培面積已超過全省果樹栽培面積之1/10。為改進荔枝生產及銷售，建議採行：(1).分區栽植不同成熟期之品種以延長產期，(2).育成高品質，不同成熟期之品種，(3)整校修剪及矮化技術之研究以降低成本，(4).隔年結果之控制，(5).栽培方法對果實品質及產量之改進，(6).研究及推廣荔枝加工產品。於龍眼應經由品種之改良，植株矮化及提升果實品質以改進生產。韶子於本省為有潛力新興果樹，應繼續引進優良品種，並研究栽培技術，以提高產量及果實品質。
The litchi and longan of sapindaceae are important fruit crops in Taiwan. The area has been over l/10 of total fruit crops. Following research and procedures are suggested to improve the production and marketing of litchi: 1). modifying the distribution of locations and varieties to extend harvest season, 2). breeding of varieties with excellent quality and various mature season, 3). research of tree size control to decrease production cost, 4). control of alternate bearing, 5). improvement of fruit qaulity and yield by cultural methods, 6). development of processing products. Improvement of longan production should be emphasized on breeding, tree size control and improvement of fruit quality. Rambutan is a new potential fruit crop in Taiwan. Introduction of germplasm and studies of cultural methods will extend the distribution in southern Taiwan
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