224 research outputs found
Electronic spectroscopy of carbon chain radicals using cw cavity ring down in conjunction with mass detection
No full textThe electronic absorption spectrum of the 2A'' − X 2A'' origin band of the
nonlinear carbon chain radical C6H4
+ was rotationally resolved by cw-CRD
spectroscopy [41]. It was analysed using a least-squares method and the rotational
constants of the ground and excited states were determined accurately. The 581 nm
band observed under the same discharge conditions is assigned to the same electronic
transition of C6H4
+ but involving the excitation of the ν12 vibrational mode in the
upper state based on comparison with ab initio results. The presented data provide a
basis for future observations of the C6H4
+ radical in both millimeter and infrared
regions.
A linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer was constructed to provide on-line
monitoring of the plasma discharge with a mass resolution of 1 amu at a range up to
120 amu. The results from the acetylene/helium plasma discharge are in good
agreement with those obtained using the reflectron TOF mass spectrometer and a
similar ion source [42]. To improve the experimental set-up, the following
modifications can be made:
• Transferring the signal from the oscilloscope directly to a PC via a
GPIB card will increase the speed of data processing;
• Computer control of the voltage applied will make the spectrometer
easier to operate;
• Using a metal grid at ground potential in front of MCP detector will
increase the flight time of ions improving the mass resolution;
• Installing a focusing lens will increase the number of ions arriving at
the detector, and therefore increase the signal on the oscilloscope
A second greek account of the revolution of a) Pseudo-Dmitriy (Russia, 1605-1606) : Codex Iviron 710, ff. 100rv
No full textThe author publishes, with commentary and english translation, the text of the Διήγησις περ'ι τής έν ’Ρωσία έπαναστάσεως τοϋ ψενδο - Δημητρίον (An account of the revolution of pseudo-Dmitriy, untitled), Codex Iviron 710, ff. 100rv, which recounts certain events relating to the activity ofthe first pseudoDmitriy (1605-1606)
Turnover by Non-CEO Executives in Top Management Teams and Escalation of Commitment
No full textThis article investigates the relationship between the decision-making bias known as escalation of commitment and the turnover of non-CEO executives in top management teams. The phenomenon of escalation of commitment is observed when decision makers persist with business investments that have a low likelihood of success. Theoretical explanations for the association between executive turnover and escalation include self-justification and reputation protection. Top managers may conceal prior errors, escalate commitment to earlier decisions, and exit the organization before the outcome of decisions is observed. Successor managers do not have a commitment to earlier decisions and have the capability to stop investments that are discovered to be failing. Empirical analysis utilizing a sample of over 1600 U.S. firms confirms that departures by non-CEO executives from top management teams are associated with an increased likelihood of new reporting of discontinued operations and extraordinary items by firms and a reduction in the firms’ performances relative to their industry. These effects reflect de-escalation activities and are amplified in the years concurrent with and following a joint departure of multiple management team members. Prior empirical studies on escalation and de-escalation behavior focused on CEO turnover. The contribution of this article is its documenting of the key role of non-CEO managers and team turnover in the context of escalation
OCCASIONAL ONOMASTICON OF A CYCLE OF NOVELS ABOUT TANYA GROTTER BY DMITRIY EMETS AS A LINGUOCULTURAL PHENOMENON
No full textThis article discusses the specificity of occasional onomasticon in the cycle of novels
by Dmitriy Emets (b. 1974) featuring Tanya Grotter, which is an outstanding example
of fantasy literature, playing an important role in the modern cultural space, and
targeted mainly at children and teenagers. It has been established that while creating
the onomastic space of the cycle the author draws parallels with J. Rowling’s novels
about Harry Potter and forms onyms – occasionalisms based on the precedent names
(folk, mythological, religious, literary, and historical), foreign language vocabulary,
phraseology, etc. The desire to comprehend the author’s intention and to understand the
characteristics presented in onyms not only motivates readers to expand their horizon,
but also engages them in cross-cultural communication
Analyzing Corporate Social Responsibility, CEO Gender, and Compensation Structure: Evidence from U.S. Firms
No full textThis article examines how CEO compensation structure and CEO gender were associated with corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance in U.S. firms in the period between 2003 and 2013. Building on prior research in economics, finance, accounting, and management, which suggests gender differences in commitment to CSR, this study provides empirical evidence that female CEOs were positively associated with higher CSR performance. The analysis further shows that a higher proportion of equity in CEO compensation was positively associated with CSR, whereas higher proportions of cash bonuses and long-term incentive plans were negatively associated with CSR. Notably, a higher proportion of a cash bonus in CEO compensation further reduced CSR in firms led by female CEOs. These findings offer valuable insights for firms seeking to design executive compensation packages that align CEO behavior with the firms’ CSR objectives. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on CSR by providing empirical evidence on the role of CEO gender and compensation structure
Escalation of commitment and information security: theories and implications
No full text
Purpose
This study aims to explore the challenges that the escalation of commitment poses to information security.
Design/methodology/approach
Two distinct scenarios of escalation behavior are presented based on literature review. Psychological, organizational and economic theories on escalation of commitment are reviewed and applied to the area of information security.
Findings
Escalation of commitment involves continuation of a course of action after receiving negative information about it. In the information security compliance context, escalation affects a firm when an employee decides to break the firm’s information security policy to complete a failing task. In the information security investment context, escalation occurs if a manager continues investment in policies and solutions that are ineffective because of psychological, organizational or economic factors. Both of these types of escalation may be prevented with de-escalation techniques including a change in management or rotation of duties, monitoring, auditing and governance mechanisms.
Practical implications
Implications of escalation of commitment behavior for information security decision-makers and for future research are discussed.
Originality/value
This study complements the literature by establishing the context of escalation of commitment in decisions related to information security and reviewing managerial and economic theories on escalation of commitment.
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Economic studies in project escalation and project selection
No full textEscalation is generally defined as continued commitment of resources following negative feedback. Chapter 1 presents a literature review. In Chapter 2, a principal-agent model of asymmetric information uses escalation behavior to link managerial turnover and project outcomes. Managers escalate to conceal mistakes and protect reputation. Turnover serves to prevent the revelation of mistakes and to avoid punishment. The model is tested using a large current dataset with the data on managerial turnover and project discontinuations. Evidence is found that turnover among top executives significantly increases the likelihood that the firm subsequently discontinues operations. Length of tenure at firm is found to reduce escalation. Results on the effect of the specific reasons for managerial departure on the project discontinuations are reported. Chapter 3 focuses on the role of adoption reversibility and switching costs in technology adoption patterns in the presence of network externalities and uncertainty. Network externalities exist when a product\u27s benefits include the intrinsic payoff and a payoff from the network of other adopters. Irreversible adoption gives advantage to the safer tested technology. Choosing the untested technology creates the risk of being stranded without a network of followers if the payoff is inferior. In the case of low switching costs, the adoption is reversible and the gain of sampling from risky distributions first is observed. Chapter 4 views escalation through real option theory. The model yields behavior consistent with case study evidence. It makes escalation a product of solely the objective project characteristics. A project with negative “myopic” NPV may be beneficial for the firm once the option value of continuing for one more period and making the stopping decision later is incorporated into the analysis. Chapter 5 applies bandit process studies to the issue of information technology project failures. The bandit perspective shows that managers choosing a risky project with high potential reward before a safer one are behaving in the firm\u27s interest. A high proportion of risky projects adopted leads to a high number of project failures. The bandit approach supports escalation prevention studies that advocate evaluating decision-makers on the basis of their decision processes, rather than specific outcomes
Rational Escalation: The Real Option Perspective
No full textEscalation is generally defined in investment context as continuation of an investment project after receiving negative signals about the outcome. This study demonstrates that under conditions of uncertainty about project outcome there is a rational incentive for the manager to continue a project to receive more information. Taking this real option on continuing the project has value for the firm. Simulations results from the option value model of investment demonstrate that likelihood of escalation is higher when signals have higher quality which increases the value of getting an additional signal. Likelihood of escalation also increases when the prior expectation of success is low, and when project termination cost is low. Continuing the project to receive additional information is shown to be more profitable than the simple net present value rule that excludes option value. The model implies that escalation may be value-maximizing for the firm, and managers should not automatically be discouraged to continue a project when new signals about its success may appear in the future
Teaching Economics With Case-Based Learning and Problem-Based Learning
No full textWe explore the impact of two active learning methods – case-based learning (CBL) and problem-based learning (PBL) – and summarize our experiences using these methods in an applied managerial economics course. Our empirical analysis evaluates cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions of learning. In the cognitive category, analysis of student exam performance on topics covered by either CBL or PBL demonstrates improvements compared to topics covered only in traditional lectures. In the affective category, which focuses on student satisfaction, and the behavioral category, which concerns student skills, survey evidence demonstrates a positive impact of active learning
On the role of switching costs and decision reversibility in information technology adoption and investment
No full textABSTRACT Managerial decisions on the adoption of innovative technologies by a firm are made under conditions of uncertainty and must account for network externalities that imply the benefit of a technology is received not only from its intrinsic payoff, but also from the size of the network of other adopters. The theoretical model presented in this study demonstrates that for firms evaluating information technology investment with network effects key determinants of the technology selection pattern are adoption reversibility and switching costs. If switching costs are sufficiently high to make technology adoption irreversible then safer established technologies have an advantage as choosing a riskier untested technology opens the firm to the risk of being stranded without a network of followers. With lower switching costs, the technology adoption decision is reversible which provides an advantage to riskier untested technologies. A discussion of empirical evidence on adoption patterns in information technology provides application for the theoretical model
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