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    Echos X dans la zone moléculaire centrale. Une histoire de l'activité du trou noir galactique au cours du dernier millénaire

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    Like most massive galaxies, the Milky Way hosts a supermassive black hole at its centre. In contrast with active galaxies, the luminosity of its radiative counterpart — the source Sagittarius A* — is almost nine orders of magnitude below the Eddington limit. However, there are several indications that the black hole may have been more active in the past. In particular, the giant clouds located within the central molecular zone reflect X-rays emitted during the most recent outbursts. The study we present here focuses on these light echoes that are key to probing the past activity of the Galactic nucleus over the past thousand years. Using the X-ray observatories Chandra and XMM-Newton, we confirm the reflection origin of the non-thermal, diffuse emission from the molecular complex Sagittarius C. The localisation of each bright clump is made possible by the use of Monte Carlo-simulated reflection spectra, notably the rayflX model we specifically designed for the study of the reflection phenomenon and its time behaviour. Considering eight clouds from the main molecular complexes of the Galactic central regions, this work provides with a high confidence level the first quantitative evidence that Sgr A* experienced two powerful outbursts, whose age, duration and luminosity can be estimated. These results place new constraints on the black hole duty cycle and pave the way for a tomographic reconstruction of the matter distribution at the Galactic centre.Comme la plupart des galaxies massives, la Voie lactée héberge en son centre un trou noir supermassif. Contrairement aux noyaux actifs, celui-ci brille par la faiblesse de sa contrepartie radiative, la source Sgr A?, dont la luminosité est inférieure de près de neuf ordres de grandeur à la luminosité limite d’Eddington. Plusieurs traces indirectes suggèrent cependant que le trou noir galactique a connu des épisodes d’activité plus intense dans le passé. La réflexion des rayons X émis lors des plus récents de ces épisodes est notamment observée aujourd’hui sur les nuages de la zone moléculaire centrale. À partir de l’observation de ces échos de lumière, cette étude offre une vision unique de l’activité du noyau galactique au cours du dernier millénaire. Elle confirme en particulier que l’émission non thermique diffuse du complexe moléculaire Sagittarius C, étudiée avec les satellites Chandra et XMM-Newton, résulte bien du phénomène de réflexion. La localisation individuelle des structures brillantes est rendue possible par l’utilisation de modèles spectraux Monte-Carlo, dont le modèle rayflX développé spécifiquement pour rendre compte du phénomène de réflexion et, notamment, de ses aspects temporels. À partir des spectres de huit nuages issus des quatre principaux complexes moléculaires des régions centrales de la Galaxie, ce travail fournit la première preuve quantitative avec un haut niveau de confiance de l’existence de deux sursauts d’activité de Sgr A?se propageant dans la zone moléculaire centrale, dont l’âge, la durée et la luminosité peuvent être déterminés. Ces résultats fournissent de nouvelles contraintes pour l’étude du cycle d’activité de Sgr A? et ouvrent la voie à une caractérisation par tomographie de la distribution de matière au centre de notre galaxie

    X-ray echoes in the central molecular zone. A History of the Galactic black hole activity over the past thousand years

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    Comme la plupart des galaxies massives, la Voie lactée héberge en son centre un trou noir supermassif. Contrairement aux noyaux actifs, celui-ci brille par la faiblesse de sa contrepartie radiative, la source Sgr A?, dont la luminosité est inférieure de près de neuf ordres de grandeur à la luminosité limite d’Eddington. Plusieurs traces indirectes suggèrent cependant que le trou noir galactique a connu des épisodes d’activité plus intense dans le passé. La réflexion des rayons X émis lors des plus récents de ces épisodes est notamment observée aujourd’hui sur les nuages de la zone moléculaire centrale. À partir de l’observation de ces échos de lumière, cette étude offre une vision unique de l’activité du noyau galactique au cours du dernier millénaire. Elle confirme en particulier que l’émission non thermique diffuse du complexe moléculaire Sagittarius C, étudiée avec les satellites Chandra et XMM-Newton, résulte bien du phénomène de réflexion. La localisation individuelle des structures brillantes est rendue possible par l’utilisation de modèles spectraux Monte-Carlo, dont le modèle rayflX développé spécifiquement pour rendre compte du phénomène de réflexion et, notamment, de ses aspects temporels. À partir des spectres de huit nuages issus des quatre principaux complexes moléculaires des régions centrales de la Galaxie, ce travail fournit la première preuve quantitative avec un haut niveau de confiance de l’existence de deux sursauts d’activité de Sgr A?se propageant dans la zone moléculaire centrale, dont l’âge, la durée et la luminosité peuvent être déterminés. Ces résultats fournissent de nouvelles contraintes pour l’étude du cycle d’activité de Sgr A? et ouvrent la voie à une caractérisation par tomographie de la distribution de matière au centre de notre galaxie.Like most massive galaxies, the Milky Way hosts a supermassive black hole at its centre. In contrast with active galaxies, the luminosity of its radiative counterpart — the source Sagittarius A* — is almost nine orders of magnitude below the Eddington limit. However, there are several indications that the black hole may have been more active in the past. In particular, the giant clouds located within the central molecular zone reflect X-rays emitted during the most recent outbursts. The study we present here focuses on these light echoes that are key to probing the past activity of the Galactic nucleus over the past thousand years. Using the X-ray observatories Chandra and XMM-Newton, we confirm the reflection origin of the non-thermal, diffuse emission from the molecular complex Sagittarius C. The localisation of each bright clump is made possible by the use of Monte Carlo-simulated reflection spectra, notably the rayflX model we specifically designed for the study of the reflection phenomenon and its time behaviour. Considering eight clouds from the main molecular complexes of the Galactic central regions, this work provides with a high confidence level the first quantitative evidence that Sgr A* experienced two powerful outbursts, whose age, duration and luminosity can be estimated. These results place new constraints on the black hole duty cycle and pave the way for a tomographic reconstruction of the matter distribution at the Galactic centre

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Les vacances spatiales seront-elles bientôt à la portée de tous ?

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    Si quelque 7 millions de personnes peuvent aujourd’hui s’offrir un vol suborbital, et bientôt davantage avec la baisse des coûts d’accès à l’espace, le tourisme spatial de masse n’est pas pour demain

    À l’aube d’un retour sur la Lune avec les missions Artemis

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    L’année 2022 marque une étape importante dans le retour sur la Lune. En effet, la première mission du nouveau programme lunaire américain, Artemis, doit décoller lundi 29 août. Quel sera le déroulé de la mission? Quels sont les enjeux techniques et économiques de ce grand projet spatial qui s’étalera sur toute la décennie

    Variations on the Author

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    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship

    Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis

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    We provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis

    Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts

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    We conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more sophisticated methods

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