1,720,967 research outputs found
Fertility trends by birth order in Britain: comparison between England and Wales, and Scotland
No full textThis study uses census-linked administrative data to investigate childbearing trends by birth order in Britain over three decades. This is the first study to investigate longer-term changes in fertility dynamics in Britain by birth order and compare parity-specific fertility by country. First-birth rates declined in the 1990s, slightly increased in the first decade of this century and thereafter decreased. Changes in timing of parenthood are responsible for the changes in first-birth rates. Second- and third-birth rates declined in the 1990s, but remained relatively stable in the first decades of this century. Birth intervals have remained unchanged - changes in quantum are responsible for trends in higher-order-birth rates. Trends over time are similar in England and Wales and Scotland, but with significantly lower second- and third-birth rates in Scotland. Changes in population composition by education and ethnicity explain little of the aggregate fertility trends, or differences between Scotland and England. Both countries have seen very rapid declines in first birth rates, especially among low educated women
Understanding fertility trends in Britain: Do fertility intentions differ across England, Wales and Scotland?
No full textThis paper has three aims: Firstly, to review recent evidence collected within the vital registration system to identify how childbearing trends differ between Scotland, England and Wales; secondly, to use nationally representative survey data to identify how family size distributions changed during the period when the overall level of fertility diverged between the countries; and thirdly, to establish whether fertility intentions are different in the British nations and hence whether this could be an explanation for differences in behaviour. We find:• Fertility in Britain fell to an historically low level in 2020.• Since the late 1970s, Scotland has consistently recorded significantly lower levels of fertility than England and Wales.• The difference appears to be due to lower rates of childbearing among women in their thirties and forties in Scotland as compared to England.• Some, but not all of the difference can be attributed to higher fertility among foreignborn women in the UK. Fertility of UK-born women in Scotland is lower than UK-born women in England and Wales.• Survey data on fertility intentions show that there are no differences in intentions to have a first birth. However, Scottish (and Welsh) mothers are less likely to have a firm intention to have additional births.• Analysis of fertility by age, parity and duration since last birth is critical to understand differences in childbearing behaviour between Scotland and England and Wales. • Analyses using large census-linked longitudinal datasets such as the ONS Longitudinal Study and the Scottish Longitudinal Study are required
Estimating the 2011 total fertility rate for England & Wales and Scotland using alternative data sources
No full textIt is important to estimate fertility rates as accurately as possible in order to make appropriate comparisons of fertility levels across time and space and to inform fertility projections. This paper compares estimates of the 2011 total fertility rate (TFR) for all, UK-born and non-UKborn women in England & Wales and Scotland, obtained using several data sources. The three data sources we use are vital registration (VR) data, longitudinal studies (linked census and vital events data) and census household microdata samples from the respective countries. Although estimates based on VR data are classed as official, the event and risk population information come from different sources. Surveys and census data do not suffer from this issue, but their analysis requires decisions regarding the selection of the sample and how to deal with exits and entries to the UK. We find:• TFR estimates from the census microdata tend to be closest to those from VR data, particularly for Scotland. For England & Wales, the census estimates are lower than those from VR data, especially for non-UK-born women.• The longitudinal study estimates are the lowest among the three data sources for Scotland, while for England & Wales they are lower or higher than the corresponding VR estimate with this generally depending on the precise estimation method used.• Overall, this study finds some small variation in the TFR estimates from these different sources, owing to their contrasting coverage, mode of collection and sample size.• The reasonable consistency of the census-linked data and the census household microdata with the VR estimates shows that they are an important source of information which allows the examination of subgroup differences in childbearing behaviour
Educational trends in cohort fertility by birth order: A comparison of England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland
No full textBackground: over the past few decades, cohort fertility rates in the different countries of the UK (England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland) have diverged, yet the role of parity specific patterns, including childlessness, is not known. Studies across Europe have found a reversal in the educational gradient of childlessness, from positive to negative, attributed to economic uncertainty, new patterns of parity progression, and increased polarization of behaviours across educational subgroups, raising questions about how the UK fits into these emerging trends. Objective: this paper uses linked administrative and census data from each of the UK’s countries to identify how childlessness and childbearing at higher birth orders are driving these differences and to explore potential socio-economic explanations. Results: for the birth cohorts 1956-1978, we find a persistently positive educational pattern of childlessness across all UK’s countries, albeit with smaller educational differences in Northern Ireland. We also find, across educational groups, divergent country trends in family size distributions, with Scotland trending towards smaller families but not higher levels of childlessness, and Northern Ireland with larger families. England and Wales remains firmly entrenched in the two-child norm. Family size differences between countries are not explained by large differences in mean age at first birth. Contribution: our findings show that the UK’s countries have unique fertility regimes, emphasizing the value of examining countries separately for their different empirical contributions to the unfolding patterns of contemporary cohort fertility change in Europe.<br/
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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