121 research outputs found
Paulo Freire's pedagogy of love
No full textProblem: Throughout his writings, Paulo Freire asserted that education was an act of love, that educators must risk acts of love, and that education should aim at establishing a world where it would be easier to love. But, Freire neither defined love nor explained how education constitutes an act of love. To date, the centrality of love in Freire's thought has been ignored. Defining and interpreting Freire's concept of love constitutes a problem in the philosophy of education. Research Questions: The following interrelated questions will help uncover and clarify this theme in Freire's writings and place love in education in its proper philosophical context. 1) What is Freire’s theory of love as presented in Education as the Practice of Freedom and Pedagogy of the Oppressed? 2) What literature on love can help us understand his theory? and 3) How does his theory of love guide his educational theory? Method: Taking Freire's writings as his effort to create a coherent pedagogy of the oppressed that both requires love and fosters it, a rhetorical analysis of his writings should yield an educational theory that encompasses a theory of love; comparison with recent philosophical ideals regarding love should give pointed definition to Freire's ideals. Significance: This study will provide a new perspective on Freire's work and its place in educational philosophy. It aims at restoring the primacy of love in Freire's pedagogy of the oppressed and achieving an understanding of what love means in Freire's thought and practice.Ed.D.Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-88)Includes abstractGraduate Program in Social and Philosophical Foundationsby Edward Michael Schode
Regime-Dependent Environmental Tax Multipliers: Evidence from 75 Countries
No full textThis paper reviews the main transmission channels of an
environmental tax reform shifting the tax burden from
labor to carbon emission. The analysis uses a simple
open-economy macro model and estimates dynamic environmental
tax as well as personal income tax multiplier
effects on output and employment for a panel of 75 highand
low-income countries from 1994 to 2018. Tax policy
changes are identified by cyclically adjusting the tax revenues.
The estimated environmental tax multiplier effects
on output range from 1 on impact to 1.8 at the peak. Personal
income tax multipliers are slightly higher, ranging
from 1.4 to 2.3. While income taxes reduce employment,
environmental taxes do not. Environmental tax multipliers
are highly regime dependent: they are close to zero or statistically
insignificant unless taxes are increased when output
contracts, fuel prices are high, the environmental tax levels
are high, or the carbon intensity of output is low. Commodity
trade-exposed countries face higher tax multipliers.
This analysis concludes that, compared with income taxes,
environmental taxes can be a less contractionary source of
revenues to support the post-COVID-19 fiscal consolidation
efforts, especially in countries that are at the beginning
of their decarbonization efforts
Megachile apicalis SPINOLA 1808
No full textMegachile apicalis SPINOLA, 1808, Flockenblumen-Blattschneiderbiene N a c h w e i s e: 2. Bez., Nordbahnhofgelände, N 48°13,4 –13,6′, E 16°23,4′, 160 m SH, F&B-M13, 2.VII.2016, 8♀♀, ldcHZ & cBZL; 4.VII.2016, 4♀♀, ldcHZ & cTLM; N 48°13,6 –13,7′, E 16°23,4 – 23,6′, 160 m SH, F&B-L13, 3.VIII.2016, 1♀, lFS, dHZ, cBZL; 2. Bez., Prater, Wiesen bei Bogenschiessplatz, N 48°10,9′, E 016°27,4′, 160 m SH, F&B-Q17, 2.VII.2018, 1♁, 15.VII.2018, 1♀, ldcSS; 12. Bez., Haidackergasse bei Friedhof Meidling, N 48°10,4′, E 16°19,9′, 217 m SH, F&B-R10, 20.VII.2019, 1♀, lFS, dHZ, cBZL; 15. Bez., Storchengasse 18, N 48°11,15′, E 16°20,0′, 180 m SH, F&B-Q10, 3.IX.2017, 1♀, leg. E. Christian, dcHZ; 22. Bez., Blumengärten Hirschstetten, N 48°14′, E 16°28′, 159 m SH, F&B-K18, 28. VI.2018, 2♁♁, lFS, dcHZ & cBZL, 4.VIII. 2018, 1♁, ldcSS; 22. Bez., Blumengärten Hirschstetten, Obstwiese, N 48°14,38′, E 16°28,58′, 158 m SH, F&B-K18, 22.VIII.2019, 1♀, leg. D. Lehner, dHZ, cBFA.Published as part of Zettel, Herbert, Ockermüller, Esther, Schoder, Sabine & Seyfert, Franz, 2022, Zur Verbreitung der Wildbien en (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Wien, Österreich, pp. 351-396 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 54 (1) on page 379, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.750760
Effective Demand, Exogenous Normal Utilization and Endogenous Capacity in the Long Run. Evidence from a CVAR Analysis
No full textThe views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Ne
Estimating Keynesian models of business fluctuations using Bayesian Maximum Likelihood
No full textAn empirical approach to model estimation and evaluation based on Bayesian Maximum Likelihood is introduced to the post-Keynesian literature. To illustrate the method, it is applied to a neo-Kaleckian type of model of Euro Area business cycle fluctuations including endogenous fiscal and monetary policy as well as endogenous wage formation. To evaluate its empirical performance, the marginal likelihood and impulse-responses conditional on the proposed model are contrasted to those conditional on the corresponding Bayesian vector auto-regression models after relaxing the theory-implied cross-coefficient restrictions. The estimated parameter distributions are broadly in line with the empirical literature. Yet, a Bayesian vector auto-regression with loose theory-implied restrictions on the prior outperforms the neo-Kaleckian model considerably indicating misspecification. Further, a baseline Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model is superior in terms of the marginal likelihood. Comparative impulse-response analysis indicates a failure of the neo-Kaleckian model to satisfyingly capture the fiscal and monetary policy transmission mechanisms.Ein bayesianischer Maximum-Likelihood-Ansatz zur Modellschätzung und -evaluierung wird in die postkeynesianische Literatur eingeführt. Um die Methode zu illustrieren, wird sie an einem neokaleckianischen Konjunkturzyklusmodell für die Eurozone inklusive Fiskalpolitik, Geldpolitik sowie einer endogenen Lohnbestimmung angewandt. Um die empirische Leistungsfähigkeit des Modells zu evaluieren, werden die marginale Verteilung und Impuls-Reaktionen bedingt auf das vorgeschlagene Model jenen gegenübergestellt, die auf die entsprechenden bayesianischen Vektor-Autoregressionen nach Lockerung der theorie-induzierten Parameterrestriktionen bedingt sind. Die geschätzten Parameterverteilungen stehen weitgehend im Einklang mit der empirischen Literatur. Dennoch übertreffen die bayesianischen Vektor-Autoregressionen mit nur losen theorie-induzierten Parameterrestriktionen der a-priori Wahrscheinlichkeiten das neokaleckianische Model erheblich, was eine Fehlspezifikation des letzteren anzeigt. Darüber hinaus ist ein einfaches Allgemeines Gleichgewichtsmodell überlegen, gemessen an der marginalen Verteilung. Eine vergleichende Analyse der Impuls-Reaktionen suggeriert, dass ein großer Teil der Fehlspezifikation des neokaleckianischen Modells darin begründet liegt, dass es die fiskal- und geldpolitischen Transmissionsmechanismen nicht zufriedenstellend erfassen kann
Credit vs. demand constraints: the determinants of US firm-level investment over the business cycles from 1977 to 2011
No full textThe paper studies empirically how relative supply and demand conditions on the capital market affected US firm-level investment over the business cycles from 1977 to 2011. A dynamic econometric specification of capital accumulation including sales growth, Tobin's q, the cash flow-capital ratio and the cost of capital as covariates is fitted by a rolling window System GMM estimator using quarterly data on publicly traded US corporations in order to obtain time-varying coefficients. We find that the investment effects of the variables capturing the demand-side of the capital market, i.e. sales growth and Tobin's q, behave counter-cyclically, whereas this does not hold for the investment effects of supply-side variables such as cash flow or the cost of capital. Our results suggest that investment was typically driven by adverse demand rather than supply conditions on the capital market during the most severe recessions
Die Liberalisierung der internationalen Finanzmärkte als Hebel zum neoliberalen Umbau nationalstaatlicher Budgetpolitik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Deutschland und Österreich
No full textAb den 1970er Jahren wurden die bis dahin streng kontrollierten internationalen Finanzmärkte sukzessive liberalisiert. Die internationale Währungskooperation wurde aufgegeben, Kapitalverkehrskontrollen beseitigt und Finanzinstituten immer mehr Freiheiten gewährt, wie anhand der Beispiele Deutschland und Österreich im ersten Teil der Arbeit gezeigt wird. Es wurde ein globaler Finanzmarkt durchgesetzt, auf dem niedrige Transaktionskosten eine noch nie da gewesene Mobilität des Kapitals ermöglichen. Gleichzeitig ist eine zunehmend neoliberale Schlagseite in der nationalstaatlichen Budgetpolitik zu erkennen, die sich im Sozialabbau, in der Umverteilung der Steuerlast von Kapital zu Arbeit, im verstärkten Zinsendienst und im Rückzug des Staates als Produzent, Investor und Garant für stabile Beschäftigungsverhältnisse widerspiegelt und im zweiten Teil der Arbeit skizziert wird. Im dritten Teil werden die freien Finanzmärkte und die neoliberale Budgetpolitik in kausalen Zusammenhang gebracht. Im Wesentlichen werden vier Mechanismen identifiziert und diskutiert, über welche die Internationalisierung der Finanzmärkte zur neoliberalen Transformation insbesondere der deutschen und österreichischen Budgetpolitik beigetragen haben: im Speziellen über den Standortwettbewerb, über die strukturelle Wachstumsschwäche des finanzdominierten Akkumulationsregimes, über die Konzentration der Konzernmacht und über ein strukturell hohes Zinsniveau, welches die öffentlichen Haushalte über die Staatsverschuldung belastet.Starting in the 1970s, the up to then strongly regulated international financial markets were successively liberalized. International currency cooperation was abolished, capital controls eliminated and financial institutions were given more and more liberties, as it is shown based on the examples of Germany and Austria in the first part of the present thesis. A global financial market was implemented, in which low transaction costs allow for unprecedented capital mobility. At the same time an increasingly neoliberal list of policies regarding the federal budget can be distinguished, which is reflected in the dismantling of the welfare state, a redistribution of the tax burden from capital to labor, increasing debt service and the withdrawal of the state as a producer, investor and as a warrantor of stable employment relationships, as it is argued in the second part of the present thesis. In the third part, the causal relationship between the liberalized financial markets and neoliberal budgetary policy is stated and discussed. Essentially, four mechanisms are identified, through which the internationalization of financial markets has accounted for the neoliberal transformation of particularly German and Austrian budgetary policy: Specifically this happened through the competition between countries for international investors, the structurally weak growth of the finance-dominated accumulation regime, the concentration of corporate power and the structurally high interest level, which burdens the federal budget via the public debt
Instability, stationary utilization and effective demand: A synthesis of Harrodian and Kaleckian growth theory
No full textWithin a Kaleckian framework, Harrodian instability and a constant long-run utilization rate are reconciled with the principle of effective demand by endogenizing the capacity output-capital ratio. Its change over time is argued to be a positive function of the utilization rate. As stabilizing forces, distribution and debt dynamics are considered. We argue that, with plausible non-linearities in the investment function, limit cycles consistent with empirical observations for the US can be generated by our model with reasonable parameter values and functional forms. With an endogenous capacity-capital ratio, the paradox of thrift as well as the paradox of cost may hold despite a constant long-run utilization rate
Effective demand, exogenous normal utilization and endogenous capacity in the long run. Evidence from a CVAR analysis for the US
No full textUsing the Cointegrated VAR framework, we provide evidence for the US manufacturing sector that the principle of effective demand in a growth context, by which a permanent demand shock has a permanent growth effect, is consistent with the stylized fact of a stationary rate of capacity utilization, since production capacities adjust endogenously to current output
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