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Wing dimorphism of Amantis nawai (Shiraki, 1908) (Mantodea: Mantidae): male A. nawai in Taiwan possesses two wing morphs
No full textYamasaki (1980) 指出台灣地區的名和異跳螳 (Amantis nawai (Shiraki, 1908)) 雄蟲為長翅型 (macroptera)，但日本卻只有微翅型 (microptera) 雄蟲存在，因此認為台灣與日本的名和異跳螳應屬於不同物種。實際上，台灣同時具有長翅型及微翅型雄蟲的分布。我們發現兩種翅型雄蟲不僅外表形態 (除了翅膀) 類似、生殖器形態也幾乎沒有差別，而且共域、分布季節重疊，更重要的是長、微翅型雄蟲子代可出自同一對親代。以粒線體 COII 序列建構的親緣關係樹、長、微翅型雄蟲間的族群分化指數 (FST = 0.040)、及遺傳距離 (D) 均顯示不同翅型雄蟲間並無分化的情形出現。我們的試驗結果指出不同翅型名和異跳螳雄蟲應為同一物種，這是螳螂目第一次紀錄到翅的二型性現象。以鄰接法及最大簡約法建構的親緣關係樹符合地理分布，名和異跳螳可分為五個族群，包括台灣北部 (N)、西北部 (NW)、西南部 (SW)、東部族群 (E) 及日韓 (JK) 族群，粒線體 COII 序列分析顯示日韓與台灣的名和異跳螳屬於同一物種，且與台灣東部親緣關係最近。台灣地區各族群間的遺傳分化極大 (FST = 0.684-0.741)，可能因為本試驗捕捉的螳螂個體多為散佈能力不佳的微翅型所致。Yamasaki mentioned that male Amantis nawai (Shiraki, 1908) (Mantodea: Mantidae) is micropterous in Japan while macropterous in Taiwan. Based on different wing morphs, Yamasaki suggested that A. nawai in Taiwan and Japan should be classified into different species. However, this study reveals that micropterous and macropterous males in Taiwan are sympatric, and the offspring of both forms come from the same parents. Phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (COII) sequences do not distinguish the two wing morphs. Fixation index (FST = 0.040), and genetic distance (D) reveal no or little differentiation between different wing morphs. This result suggests that macropterous and micropterous male A. nawai in Taiwan belong to the same species. This is the first record of wing dimorphism in Mantodea. According to phylogenetic trees, and geographic distribution, A. nawai were separated into five populations, including north region (N), north-west region (NW), south-west region (SW), east region (E) of Taiwan, and Japan-Korea region (JK). Molecular analyses support the notion that A. nawai in Taiwan, Japan, and Korea should be the same species. Moreover, A. nawai of Japan-Korea region are more related to the eastern population of Taiwan. Fixation index (FST = 0.684-0.741) indicate that the four populations in Taiwan are highly differentiated. It may result from most collected samples are microptera with limited dispersal ability.中文摘要
英文摘要
目錄……………………………………………………………………………i
表次………………………………………………………………………….iii
圖次………………………………………………………………………….iv
壹、 前言……………………………………………………………………. 1
貳、 往昔研究…………………………………………………………….... 3
一、 名和異跳螳的分類研究………………………………………….3
二、 名和異跳螳的形態及生態研究………………………………… 4
三、 昆蟲翅的二型性…………………………………………………. 6
(一) 微翅型性昆蟲的優勢………………………………………. 7
(二) 影響昆蟲翅的二型性之因子……………………………… 7
四、 粒線體細胞色素氧化酶II基因之特性與應用……………….9
參、 材料與方法…………………………………………………………..11
一、 樣本採集與野外觀察………………………………...………....11
二、 形態比較…….……………………………………………………11
三、 解剖生殖器……………………………………………………….11
四、 飼養試驗………………………………………………………….12
五、 交配試驗………………………………………………………….13
六、 DNA 萃取、增幅與定序……………………………………….13
七、 序列分析………………………………………………………….14
肆、 結果……………………………………………………………………17
一、 名和異跳螳生活史初探…………………….…………………..17
二、 名和異跳螳棲地類型與分布情形……………………………..17
三、 形態比較………………………………………………………….20
四、 飼養試驗………………………………………………………….21
(一) 飼養野外捕捉已交配雌蟲之子代………………………..21
(二) 不同翅型雄蟲共域…………………………………………21
(三) 不同翅型雄蟲翅芽不同……………………………………22
(四) 名和異跳螳之寄生性天敵…………………………………22
五、 交配試驗…………………………………….……………………25
六、 序列分析…………………………………….……………………26
(一) 不同翅型雄蟲之親緣關係…………………………………26
(二) 日本與台灣族群之親緣關係…..………………………….31
伍、 討論……………………………………………………………………34
一、 標本館蒐藏與野外採集名和異跳螳翅型之差異…………....34
二、 飼養試驗………………...………………………………………..34
三、 不同翅型雄蟲是否為同種……………………………….……..35
四、 台灣和日本的名和異跳螳是否屬於不同種……………….…36
五、 台灣地區族群之分化程度與翅型………………………..……36
六、 台灣地區名和異跳螳雄蟲存在不同翅型的好處……………..37
七、 名和異跳螳棲地與生物指標………………………………..…39
陸、 結論……………………………………………………………………40
柒、 參考文獻……………………………………………………...………41
捌、 誌謝……………………………………………………………………47
玖、 附錄……………………………………………………………………4
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
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counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
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koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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