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Research into the Structure of Zhuangzi “Qiwulun”: Question Form, Metaphor and Allegory
No full text〈齊物論〉乃《莊子》一書當中，最為重要且解讀也最為分歧的一章。除了字句上的釋義，其詮釋困難主要有二：其一，對論證強度的解讀不同，亦即莊子屬於何種懷疑論以及其對語言和知識的否定到什麼程度；其二，對寓言主題的解讀不同，亦即天籟之音、莊周夢蝶等寓言是要說明什麼以及為何而被提出。
而這兩種詮釋困難，主要源自於〈齊物論〉當中極常出現的行文特點：問句形式和類比法。由於〈齊物論〉往往運用問句來質疑語言或知識等概念，在問句形式可被解讀為否定、疑問或是肯定語意的情況之下，論證強度的解讀因而有了極大空間；由於〈齊物論〉多有使用類比法的寓言，也就是藉由具體情況或事物來說明抽象意義，在上下文脈絡不甚明確的情況之下，各種與具體情況或事物有共通之處者皆可被說為是寓意，寓言主題的解讀因而有了極大空間。
為了解決這兩種詮釋困難，本文提出了一套理解〈齊物論〉的基本架構：其一，寫作目的—止辯與描述理想人格；其二，論述策略—複答式提問與類比法；其三，策略作用—論證強度與隱喻、寓言的說明主題。其中複答式提問是〈齊物論〉當中極為獨特的問句形式，它具有以下特質：其一，作者自問自答；其二，作者提出了兩個以上的答案；其三，作者並未指出自己只認同任一種答案。
藉由複答式提問，〈齊物論〉承認了多種主張皆有成立的可能性，並以此來解消以單一主張為絕對正確的無窮爭論；藉由類比法，〈齊物論〉迴避了直接提出主張所可能造成的偏見與誤解，以隱喻和寓言來說明理想人格的更佳態度與做法。由此可見，止辯和描述理想人格乃一正一反，相輔相成，皆提供了人們化解衝突與應對無窮的行為指導。“Qiwulun” is the most important chapter with the most various interpretations in Zhuangzi. In addition to the explanation on words and sentences, there are two main difficulties of interpretation: First, the difference with the strength of argument, what kind of skepticism Zhuangzi is? How strong does he deny language and knowledge? Second, the difference with the theme of allegory, what is the meaning of “the pipe from heaven” and “the butterfly dream”? Why Zhuangzi wrote them?
These two difficulties are from the writing features of “Qiwulun” itself: the question form and the analogy. Because “Qiwulun” always doubts concepts like language or knowledge by questions, when the meaning of questions could be interpreted as negative, interrogative or affirmative, then there is a large space for various interpretations with the strength of argument; Because “Qiwulun” often used the allegory by analogy, which means to show the abstract meaning by specific situations or things, when the context does not clear, then all the similarity between allegory and specific situations and things could be the meaning Zhuangzi want to presented. So there is a large space for various interpretations with the meaning of allegory.
To deal with these two difficulties, this article offers a basic structure to comprehend “Qiwulun”: First, the writing purposes, the stopping of debate and the describe of ideal personality. Second, the discussing strategies, the double answerable questions and the analogy. Third, the function of strategies, the strength of argument and the meaning of metaphor or allegory. Double answerable question is a extremely unique question form in “Qiwulin” which has the following characteristics: First, the author questions and answers himself. Second, the author gives two or more answers for the questions. Third, the author does not point out that he prefer only one of the answers.
By double answerable questions, “QiWulun” shows that the possibility for many different claims exist, so the debating with only one claim is absolutely right could be canceled; By analogy, “Qiwulun” avoids bias and misunderstanding caused by direct statement, describes the better attitude and way of ideal personality by metaphor and allegory. These shows that the stopping of debate and the describe of ideal personality are complementary writing purposes, provide the behavior guidance to resolve conflicts and response infinite situations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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