1,720,989 research outputs found
Immunomodulation by isometamidium (Samorin®) enhances prophylaxis against trypanosoma congolense infection
Get PDFThe objective of this project was to investigate effects of isometamidium (ISMM. Samorin®) on
immune responses to Trypanosoma congolense infection in order to understand mechanisms of
prophylaxis. (1) the efficacy of ISMM on T. congolense in vitro and in vivo was examined. (2) effects
on sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) phenotypes, proliferation, and IFN-y production
were investigated. (3) effects on IL-12 and IFN-y production by mice splenic cells were studied. (4)
effects on sheep PBMC phenotypes following BCG vaccination in sheep were also investigated in
order to establish whether effects of ISMM were specific for trvpanosome antigens.Three groups consisting of four sheep were used in the trypanosome study. One group was
prophylactically treated with ISMM and one was used as a normal control group. Four and half
months later, all sheep were infected with T. congolense plus a third group that was later treated
with ISMM 14 days post infection. Two groups of three sheep were used in BCG experiments: one
was first treated with ISMM and 14 days after treatment both groups were inoculated with BCG
vaccine. The efficacy of ISMM on T. congolense was studied on cultures in vitro and in sheep and
mice in vivo. IL-12 and IFN-y production by mice splenic cells was investigated at different points
after ISMM treatmentPre-infection results showed a significant increase in IFN-y production by sheep PBMC 14 to 21 days
after ISMM administration when cultured with live tyrpanosomes. while cultures from the control
group were negative. No significant amounts of IFN-y were detected in all groups during the
infection period. ISMM prophylaxis suppressed polyclonal lymphocyte proliferation in vivo.
Increases in B-cells in the control and treated groups 14 to 21 days after infection were significantly
higher than in the prophy lactic group. A significant decrease in CD4" T-cells was recorded in the
control and treated groups 14 to 21 days post infection, while in the prophylactic group no changes
were observed. CD8~ T-cells increased only after treatment. The ratio of CD4LCD8" T-cells
significantly dropped 21 days after infection in the control and treated groups, while it increased in
the prophylactic group. There were no significant differences in CD5* and yS* T-cell responses.
Trypanosome specific IgG antibodies in serum of the prophy lactic group were significantly higher
than those in the control, while they were absent in the treated group. Following BCG vaccination,
ly mphocy te proliferation in vivo was suppressed in the ISMM treated group. The ratio of CD4LCD8
T-cells was higher in the ISMM group than in the control. Also ISMM. prevented a decrease in the
percentage of CD4~ T cells and suppressed polyclonal CD5" T cells and B cell expansion. Little or no
differences were observed on yd'. CD8" T cells, and PPD skin test. ISMM was trypanostatic in vitro
and T cell suppression decreased the prepatent period in prophylactically treated mice.In conclusion. ISMM prophylaxis modified cellular and antibody responses to T. congole
infection probably via the IFN-y and 1L-12 feedback mechanisms. This immunomodulation enhanced
prophylaxis and is not specific for trypanosome antigens since similar changes were observed
following BCG vaccination, although the end result of an infection may depend on the type of host
animal and nature of antigen
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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