1,721,108 research outputs found
Estimation of noise source location and strength using array microphones: plane and spherical wave model
No full textImpacts of Intergroup Interactions on Intragroup Behavioral Changes in Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch)
No full textAgonistic intergroup interactions can cause individual costs such as physical injuries, increased physiological stress, and disrupted intragroup social relationships. Therefore, individuals should employ behavioral strategies to minimize the cost associated with aggressive intergroup encounters (IGEs). We investigated the behavioral strategies of territorial, pair-living Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) in response to intergroup aggression, including 1) changes in activity budgets, 2) affiliative behaviors within pairs, and 3) potential intergroup avoidance strategies, such as sleeping tree selection. We observed 129 encounters in three habituated gibbon groups surrounded by four unhabituated groups in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, Java, from 2014 to 2016. Overall, gibbons significantly altered their activity budgets during IGEs: they foraged less and were less active than when there was no encounter. We also found a decrease in grooming within pairs following IGEs compared to a matched-control period. However, we did not find any effects of the intensity of aggression, outcome, length of, or female participation in IGEs on grooming within pairs in the hour after an encounter. Male gibbons slept farther away from the IGE location after aggressive IGEs than after neutral encounters. Our results suggest that not only primates living in large groups but also primates living in small groups, such as Javan gibbons, may develop behavioral strategies to deal with direct (during encounters), immediate (within 1 h after encounters), and possibly longer (at the end of a day with encounters) effects of intergroup interactions
Fighting for what it’s worth: participation and outcome of inter-group encounters in a pair-living primate, the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch)
No full textWhen resources are limited and defensible, inter-group encounters in animals are often of aggressive nature. Individuals can participate in inter-group encounters to defend mates, infants, and food resources, but also to attract out-group individuals for additional mating opportunities. Since inter-group conflicts have mainly been studied in group-living species, we examined the mate, infant, and food resource defense and mate attraction hypotheses in pair-living Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. To this end, we investigated factors influencing male and female participation and outcome of encounters (i.e., win vs. lose). We observed 234 complete encounters between three habituated and five unhabituated gibbon groups over 43 months, of which 72% were aggressive. Males were the main participants and they were more likely to participate when cycling females or dependent infants were present, supporting the mate and infant defense hypotheses. Males were also more likely to participate when more fruits were available, contradicting the food resource defense hypothesis. Females participated by singing more often when they were cycling and when there were singing opponents, suggesting an advertisement function of their reproductive status through songs. The probability of winning an inter-group encounter was only higher when cycling females were present, supporting the mate defense hypothesis. The intensity of space use or aggression level had no effect on the outcome of inter-group encounters. Our results highlight that mate and infant defense are crucial for male Javan gibbons, especially in view of their pair-living system, long interbirth intervals, and slow infant development
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Propagule behavior and parasite transmission
No full textMany parasites with complex, indirect, life-cycles involve one or more free-living propagule stages, such as eggs and larvae, which serve in dissemination and transmission between host species. The larvae are often non-feeding and obtain their energy through stored glycogen. These limited energy supplies provide strong constraints and selective pressures to rapidly disperse, and locate, and penetrate a suitable host to complete the life-cycle. Host location can either be achieved by direct attraction to the host, or to a habitat and/or temporal space which is likely to contain the host. Mechanisms for these attractions include kinesis or taxis and are often innate behaviors in response to environmental and/or biological cues. Parasite larval behaviors often involve complex interactions between different stimuli and trade-offs occur between host-seeking and energy-saving traits. These result in a vast array of techniques which aid dispersion and successful transmission. The type of hosts that larvae are required to infect can vary greatly even with a single life-cycle, and parasites have thus evolved complex species- and stage-specific behavioral traits to aid transmission. These are discussed here, with examples focusing on trematode species, where the majority of research has been carried out to date, predominantly due to their medical and veterinary importance
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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