102,114 research outputs found
Efficacia di fungicidi contro tracheofusariosi e marciumi
No full textIn a temperature controlled glasshouse, seeds of tomato varieties not resistant to tracheo-fusarium diseases and rots were sown in soil inoculated with 3 strains of Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and Phytophthora nicotianae. In a 2nd experiment, seedlings were transplanted into similarly inoculated soil. Immediately after sowing/transplanting propamocarb 530 g/L +or- fosetyl 310 g/L at 4 or 3 mL/L was applied evenly to the soil surface. Damage from all the fungi except F. oxysporum f. sp. radici was insignificant in the sown tomatoes treated with propamocarb + fosetyl, while in the transplanted tomatoes, this treatment was effective except against F. solani and P. lycopersici
Diaporthe spp. main candidate causal agent in hazelnut defects in Causasian region
No full textProduction of hazelnuts is affected by defects, the incidence of which is year-dependent but also economically
damaging. The objectives of the present study were to quantify the incidence of different fungal genera
in hazelnuts, and define the causal agent/agents of nut defects. A 4-year study (2013 to 2016) was carried out in
the Caucasus region, in an orchard planted in 2008 with hazelnut cv. Anakliuri. Hazelnuts were sampled at early
and full ripening stages, observed for defects, and then associated fungi were isolated. Nuts with necrotic spots
and internal browning were commonly found, and some collected in 2016 were completely rotted, wet and almost
black. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis and Phoma
spp. were regularly isolated from diseased and symptomless nuts. Diaporthe spp. was the dominant genus, with increasing
incidence from early to full ripening, and were more isolated from defected compared to healthy kernels
and in the years with the greatest incidence of defects. Rainfall was associated with the incidence of nut defects.
The role of Diaporthe as a key cause hazelnut defects was confirmed by pathogenicity tests. Three isolates from the
Diaporthe population were identified as D. eres on the basis of EF, ACT, TUB and ITS loci. This supports the crucial
role of climate during the crop-growing season for the development of defects in hazelnuts caused by Diaporthe
Il turibolo architettonico tardogotico dal monastero olivetano di San Leonardo a Chiusa Sclafani
No full textIl saggio analizza una suppellettile liturgica in argento di produzione siciliana, della seconda metà del XVI secolo, ma stilisticamente ancora tardo-gotica, proveniente dal monastero olivetano intitolato a San Leonardo di Chiusa SclafaniThe essay analyzes a silver liturgical furnishings of Sicilian production, of the second half of the sixteenth century, but stylistically still late gothic, from the Olivetan monastery dedicated to St. Leonard of Chiusa Sclafan
La Stanza chiusa
No full textSi analizza una delle costanti più ricorrenti del poliziesco classico, l'omicidio in una stanza chiusa. Si ricostruiscono le varie tecniche utilizzate dai romanzieri per spiegarlo e si ipotizza un significato profondo, di origine psicanalitica, per spiegare il fascino che tale soggetto ha esercitato su romanzieri e lettori
Efficacy of chemical and biological spray seed treatments in preventing garlic dry rot
No full textGarlic dry rot caused by Fusarium proliferatum is an emerging postharvest disease that has resulted in severe economic losses, necessitating design and implementation of efficient disease control strategies. Sanitation of planting cloves is critical for preventing garlic dry rot. This study evaluated the efficacy of commercial chemicals and biocontrol agents, applied at planting as spray treatments, for reducing disease severity and the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in garlic, from the field stage then through 9 months of postharvest storage. Tebuconazole was the most effective for reducing disease severity, giving 26.5% reduction of basal plate rots and 44% reduction of bulb rots, and 33.4% reduction in visible symptoms on cloves relative to the untreated controls. Comparable results were obtained by applying B. subtilis and S. griseoviridis. However, none of the active ingredients tested in this study reduced the incidence of F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum on basal plates, although tebuconazole reduced the postharvest incidence of F. proliferatum on cloves by nearly 50%. Incidence of F. proliferatum increased by 37% in bulbs transferred from storage to room temperature (25°C) for 15 days, simulating storage in consumers’ homes. These results demonstrate that spray seed clove treatments have inhibitory effects on postharvest garlic dry rot, although further research is required to determine the persistence of these treatments during prolonged storage, especially without low temperatures
Chemical and biological control of Fusarium species involved in garlic dry rot at early crop stages
No full textThe aim of the study was to test in vitro and in vivo the efficacy of triazoles and biocontrol agents (BCAs) against Fusarium proliferatum and F. oxysporum, the former signaled as the main causal agent of garlic dry rot and the latter also involved. In vitro trials were organized using potato dextrose agar with added chemicals or BCAs inoculated with selected F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum. Garlic cloves were dipped before sowing in suspensions prepared with the fungicides showing the best performances in vitro; then they were dipped in Fusaria suspension before sowing. In in vitro trials, the maximum Fusaria growth inhibition was performed by Propiconazole + Prochloraz (100%), followed by Tebuconazole (88.9%). BCAs showed great capacity to control Fusaria, with a maximum growth inhibition of 80% (Trichoderma harzianum + T. gamsii). In vivo bacterial BCAs showed a similar capacity to control F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum compared to chemical products (mean of severity index 18.6% and 11.7%, respectively). In vivo results confirmed the in vitro performances, except for Trichoderma, which had the worst performances in vivo. Therefore, the results are preliminary but promising for future field application
Fungi Associated with Foot Rots on Winter Wheat in Northwest Italy
No full textIn a 3‐year survey on bread and durum wheat grown in Northwest Italy, brown root rot was the most important disease of the basal part of culm. Year, wheat‐growing area, cultivar and their interactions significantly influenced brown root rot incidence. The most important fungal species isolated from lower stems with browning were Microdochium nivale, Drechslera sorokiniana, Fusarium avenaceum, F. graminearum, and F. culmoniliforme, and Pythium spp. were frequently isolated. F., crookwellense was also isolated. Sharp eyespot was a frequent disease; take‐all and eyespot occurred only occasionally. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserve
DEFHAZ: A Mechanistic Weather-Driven Predictive Model for Diaporthe eres Infection and Defective Hazelnut Outbreaks
No full textThe browning of the internal tissues of hazelnut kernels, which are visible when the nuts are cut in half, as well as the discolouration and brown spots on the kernel surface, are important defects that are mainly attributed to Diaporthe eres. The knowledge regarding the Diaporthe eres infection cycle and its interaction with hazelnut crops is incomplete. Nevertheless, we developed a mechanistic model called DEFHAZ. We considered georeferenced data on the occurrence of hazelnut defects from 2013 to 2020 from orchards in the Caucasus region and Turkey, supported by meteorological data, to run and validate the model. The predictive model inputs are the hourly meteorological data (air temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall), and the model output is the cumulative index (Dh-I), which we computed daily during the growing season till ripening/harvest time. We established the probability function, with a threshold of 1% of defective hazelnuts, to define the defect occurrence risk. We compared the predictions at early and full ripening with the observed data at the corresponding crop growth stages. In addition, we compared the predictions at early ripening with the defects observed at full ripening. Overall, the correct predictions were >80%, with <16% false negatives, which confirmed the model accuracy in predicting hazelnut defects, even in advance of the harvest. The DEFHAZ model could become a valuable support for hazelnut stakeholders
Epidermal growth factor receptor and caveolin-1 coexpression identifies adult supratentorial ependymomas with rapid unfavorable outcomes
No full textSupratentorial ependymomas account for a minority of intracranial ependymomas, which still have uncertain prognostic markers. Among them, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression correlates with a poor prognosis. In glioblastoma cells, EGFR function has been reported to be regulated by its migration from cell membrane infoldings called caveolae and by its colo-calization with the caveolae-associated protein caveolin-1 (cav-1). Therefore, we decided to investigate cav-1 expression and coexpression with EGFR in a series of adult intracranial ependymomas. We analyzed 22 adult supratentorial ependymomas and compared tumor grades as determined by the WHO classification and patient survival rates with the expression of EGFR, cav-1, and p53 and the values of the proliferation marker Ki-67, all tested by immunohistochemistry; in addition, we investigated the mutational profile of cav-1. The results demonstrate that the tumor grade is directly correlated with EGFR, Ki-67, and cav-1 expression only, whereas (by univariate analysis) the expression of all the studied markers, as well as the tumor histological grade, significantly correlated with the patient's overall survival (OS). By multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model, among all variables considered, cav-1 was the only independent prognostic marker related to OS (relative risk = 13.92; P =.013). Among grade II epen-dymomas, only cav-1 correlated with poor OS (P =.011), distinguishing 2 distinct subgroups of tumors with different outcomes despite sharing identical grading. All the patients studied carried wild-type cav-1 sequences, demonstrating that cav-1 overexpression is not driven by activating mutations, as previously reported in other tumor types. Interestingly, after stratifying all cases into 4 distinct groups according to cav-1 and EGFR expression (cav-1+/EGFR+, cav-1+/EGFR+, cav-1+/EGFR+, and cav-1+/EGFR+), the coexpres-sion of cav-1 and EGFR identified a subset of patients with definitively poor prognoses. Further studies are needed to support this evidence on a larger scale and to clarify how cav-1 and EGFR interaction can influence tumor aggressiveness. © The Author(s) 2010
Monitoring the incidence of dry rot caused by Fusarium proliferatum in garlic at harvest and during storage
No full textDry rot is an emerging postharvest disease of garlic (Allium sativum) attributed to Fusarium proliferatum, which has caused huge economic losses in the past few years. In this study, we aimed to detect the presence of F. proliferatum on garlic bulbs postharvest during prolonged storage, and to identify other fungal species associated with garlic dry rot. We also quantified the level of fumonisins in symptomatic and asymptomatic cloves. A total of 100 plants were sampled from three production seasons at six farms located in Northern Italy at three time points (at harvest, processing, and 6 months post-storage at –4 °C). The Fusarium–garlic pathosystem was split into two parts: basal plate/root and bulb. F. proliferatum was the dominant fungus in infected bulbs and was confirmed as the causal agent of dry rot in garlic postharvest (mean incidence: 35.4 %). F. oxysporum co-occurred with F. proliferatum but caused disease only in the basal plate/root. Dry rot incidence slightly increased during cold storage (from 14.6 % at processing to 18.4 % at 6-month storage). Although F. proliferatum incidence was stable during cold storage, fumonisins were produced. Symptomatic cloves were more contaminated than asymptomatic cloves, both by the fungus (mean incidence 39 % vs. 25.3 %) and the toxin (287.0 vs. 24.4 μg kg−1). These results suggest that cold storage delays the progression of dry rot, but the risk of health issues related to fumonisins and the occurrence of infection in asymptomatic cloves should be seriously considered
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