98 research outputs found
Pengaruh Ekspektasi, Persepsi, dan Motivasi Diri dari Anggota MLM terhadap Kepuasan dan Loyalitas Anggota MLM dengan Menggunakan Model Expectation-Confirmation Theory (ECT) dan Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
No full textDalam beberapa tahun terakhir, muncul sistem perdagangan baru di Indonesia yang dikenal dengan multi-level marketing (MLM) yang menjanjikan keuntungan besar dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Maraknya kasus penipuan berkedok sistem jaringan, membuat banyak masyarakat Indonesia resah. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berfokus pada ekspektasi, persepsi kinerja, dan motivasi diri dari anggota MLM terhadap kepuasan dan loyalitas selama menjadi anggota MLM menggunakan integrasi model Expectation-Confirmation Theory dan Self-Determination Theory. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan dua jenis penelitian yaitu jenis penelitian deskriptif serta verifikatif. Dari kuesioner yang disebar secara online, didapatkan 131 responden yang merupakan anggota MLM XYZ berdomisili di Surabaya dengan usia minimal 16 tahun. Partial-Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) digunakan dalam menguji model penelitian ini. Dari 12 hipotesis yang diajukan, 7 diantaranya diterima, dan faktor yang ditolak adalah faktor yang memengaruhi kepuasan adalah Konfirmasi Layanan serta pada loyalitas faktor yang memengaruhi adalah Regulasi yang Diidentifikasi, Regulasi yang Diproyeksikan, dan Regulasi Eksternal. Dari hasil penelitian, didapatkan bahwa loyalitas anggota MLM XYZ dapat ditingkatkan dengan membuat perasaan anggota MLM XYZ bahagia setelah bergabung dengan MLM XYZ. Penelitian ini juga memberikan saran untuk penelitian pada bidang MLM, khususnya untuk mengukur kepuasan dan loyalitas anggota di masa mendatang.
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In recent years, a new trading system has emerged in Indonesia known as multi-level marketing (MLM) that promises large profits in a relatively short time. The rise of cases of fraud under the guise of the network system, has left many Indonesian people bothered. Therefore, this research focuses on the expectations, work perceptions, and self-motivation of MLM members towards satisfaction and loyalty when become MLM members using the integration of expectationConfirmation Theory and Self-Determination Theory models. In this research, the author used two types of research, that is descriptive and verification research type. From the questionnaire distributed online, total of 131 respondents filled out the questionnaire who are members of MLM XYZ domiciled Surabaya with a minimum age of 16 years. Partial-Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test this research model. Of the 12 hypotheses proposed, 7 of them were accepted, and the factors that were rejected were the factors that influenced satisfaction were Service Confirmation and on the loyalty factors that influenced were Identified Regulations, Projected Regulations, and External Regulations. The results of this research concluded that the loyalty of MLM XYZ members can be increased by making MLM XYZ members happy after joining MLM XYZ. This research also provides suggestions for other researches in the topic of MLM, specifically to measure member satisfaction and loyalty in the future
Legal Aspects of Multi-level Marketing (MLM) and Pyramid Schemes: Overview of the Ethiopian Legal Framework
No full textThe Multi-level marketing (also known as Network Marketing) has evolved as an alternative marketing strategy, modeled on the basic idea of the classical direct selling-the door-to-door selling. The MLM design compensates the door-to-door sellers not just for the sales they personally generate but for the sales generated by the people they recruit. This compensation scheme in MLM brought it close to pyramid scheme in design; makes it prone to abuse in the form of pyramid scheme. Indeed, it has been abusively used for operating pyramidal schemes; Regulators have been plagued with the problem of distinguishing MLM from pyramid scheme and sanctioning the misuses. No careful legal drafting is likely to provide a simple solution but reduces the perplexity in the factual analysis and enforcement decision making. The author in this article examined, using the doctrinal research method, the position of Ethiopian law regarding network marketing and how it deals with potential manipulation of network marketing for operating pyramid scheme. Ethiopian law on pyramidal scheme is drafted so generically and briefly, and without even mention of network marketing – the very mask in which pyramidal schemes operate. The researcher found out that such a design of Ethiopian law has resulted in legal uncertainty about the implication of operating MLM. Essential parametrizations of what is within the legal limit and when it is out there in the pyramid scheme are either vague or omitted. The author recommended the need for further elaborate rules on pyramid schemes and inclusion of some guiding standards on network marketing
A corrected formulation of the Multilayer Model (MLM) for inferring gaseous dry deposition to vegetated surfaces
No full textThe Multilayer Model (MLM) has been used for many years to infer dry deposition fluxes from measured trace species concentrations and standard meteorological measurements for national networks in the U.S., including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet). MLM utilizes a resistance analogy to calculate deposition velocities appropriate for whole vegetative canopies, while employing a multilayer integration to account for vertically varying meteorology, canopy morphology and radiative transfer within the canopy. However, the MLM formulation, as it was originally presented and as it has been subsequently employed, contains a non-physical representation related to the leaf-level quasi-laminar boundary layer resistance that affects the calculation of the total canopy resistance. In this note, the non-physical representation of the canopy resistance as originally formulated in MLM is discussed and a revised, physically consistent, formulation is suggested as a replacement. The revised canopy resistance formulation reduces estimates of HNO₃ deposition velocities by as much as 38% during mid-day as compared to values generated by the original formulation. Inferred deposition velocities for SO₂ and O₃ are not significantly altered by the change in formulation (<3%). Inferred deposition loadings of oxidized and total nitrogen from CASTNet data may be reduced by 10–20% and 5–10%, respectively, for the Eastern U. S. when employing the revised formulation of MLM as compared to the original formulation.One author (RS) performed this work with support from the U.S.Weather Research Program within the NOAA/OAR Office of Weather and Air Quality.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231014002416?via%3Dihu
Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Bisnis Paytren Dengan Sistem Multi Level Marketing (MLM) Berdasarkan Fatwa DSN-MUI No. 75 Tahun 2009 Tentang Plbs
No full textPT Veritra Sentosa Internasional (Treni) is a company that markets "Licensing" using Applications/Software/Technology named "PayTren" where the marketing system is developed through partnership or business partners (Direct Selling) with the concept of Network or MLM . In 2009 DSN-MUI then issued a fatwa on Sharia Tiered Direct Selling (PLBS). In the fatwa, explained the provisions governing the system of direct selling in the level of sharia or Islamic MLM which contains certain terms and conditions, including objects that will be used as real transactions or traded in the form of goods or service products. The object that is traded and not something that is forbidden and or used to do something that is forbidden. Transactions in trading cannot contain elements of gharar or obscurity, maysir or gambling, usury, dzulm, and immorality. The purpose of this paper is to explain the operational implementation and business flow of PayTren with Multi Level Marketing System (MLM), then to explain the review of Islamic law on PayTren business practices with the Multi Level Marketing System (MLM) based on Fatwa DSN-MUI No. 75 of 2009 concerning Sharia Direct Selling System, and explains the PayTren system review in terms of positive law. In this study the author uses an empirical approach. The type of research used by the authors in this study is descriptive research. In this study the author took the location at PT. Veritra Sentosa International Semarang. This study uses the literature study method in addition to the field study using interview techniques conducted directly at the research location. Data analysis is carried out qualitatively in the form of data in the form of words or sentences. Data analysis methods are carried out using deductive logic
The influencing factors of the consumers’ propensity to support Multilevel Marketing businesses in Malaysia
No full textPurpose-As a result of the increasing living pressure in a competitive society, the direct-selling or multilevel marketing (MLM) business appears as an appealing platform for many who seek to attain the so-called financial freedom (Bloch, 1996). This has led to the boom in the MLM industry, where many are now solely depending on the MLM business as their main source of income. Apart from joining membership, there is also a growing tendency in the purchase of MLM products. Thirdly, despite the controversies and negative repercussion that have been evoked by both MLM and pyramiding companies, many Malaysians still support the business. This paper therefore aims to discover the influencing factors of the Malaysians’ propensity to purchase, join, and even like the MLM business. In addition to that, a specific test on the Malaysians overall perception on the ethical issues of MLM was conducted.
Methodology/design– The sample of this research comprised of 152 Malaysians who are mainly based in Kuala Lumpur. The author has personally administered an online questionnaire to collect reliable scale data in order to construct a valid research model: from the Overall support (buy, join, like) to the 6 independent variables affecting one to support MLM businesses.
Findings – The results show that 5 independent variables have a significant influence on one’s propensity to support the MLM business except for the variable Company_factors. Among those significant variables, only Cognition level has a negative association with the dependent variable Overall Support.
Business implications – MLM organizations have to focus on developing and refining the product element in the marketing mix rather than focusing on network expansion. Secondly, the MLM businesses need to form an ecosystem of interdependency and mutual benefits between the firm, its distributors and the customers in order to sustain the business for the long-run
The influencing factors of the consumers’ propensity to support Multilevel Marketing businesses in Malaysia
No full textPurpose-As a result of the increasing living pressure in a competitive society, the direct-selling or multilevel marketing (MLM) business appears as an appealing platform for many who seek to attain the so-called financial freedom (Bloch, 1996). This has led to the boom in the MLM industry, where many are now solely depending on the MLM business as their main source of income. Apart from joining membership, there is also a growing tendency in the purchase of MLM products. Thirdly, despite the controversies and negative repercussion that have been evoked by both MLM and pyramiding companies, many Malaysians still support the business. This paper therefore aims to discover the influencing factors of the Malaysians’ propensity to purchase, join, and even like the MLM business. In addition to that, a specific test on the Malaysians overall perception on the ethical issues of MLM was conducted.\ud
Methodology/design– The sample of this research comprised of 152 Malaysians who are mainly based in Kuala Lumpur. The author has personally administered an online questionnaire to collect reliable scale data in order to construct a valid research model: from the Overall support (buy, join, like) to the 6 independent variables affecting one to support MLM businesses.\ud
Findings – The results show that 5 independent variables have a significant influence on one’s propensity to support the MLM business except for the variable Company_factors. Among those significant variables, only Cognition level has a negative association with the dependent variable Overall Support.\ud
Business implications – MLM organizations have to focus on developing and refining the product element in the marketing mix rather than focusing on network expansion. Secondly, the MLM businesses need to form an ecosystem of interdependency and mutual benefits between the firm, its distributors and the customers in order to sustain the business for the long-run
Inferential Methods for Bivariate Logistic Model
No full textTitle: Inferential Methods for Bivariate Logistic Model, Author: Enayetur S.M. Raheem, Location: ThodeThere are several methods available for estimating the parameters of bivariate logistic
model. In this report, we compare the method of Maximum Likelihood (MLM),
weighted least squares cdf method (WLS), elemental percentile method (EPM) and
Castillo's least square method (CLS) for estimating the parameters λ, δ, σ, τ, of bivariate
logistic model. We perform Monte Carlo simulation to compare the MLM,
WLS and CLS on the basis of mean squared errors (MSE) and bias of the estimators
δ and τ by keeping λ = 0 and σ = 1 fixed. It has been found that no method is
uniformly better than the others, but MLM and CLS perform better than the others
in terms of MSE. We compared MLM and CLS on the basis of average confidence
lengths for δ and τ. It has been found that MLM produces shorter confidence intervals
than the CLS. In the CLS method, three different weights, β = 0.5, 0.9, 1, have
been considered and comparative results for this method are also presented. We applied four methods of estimation to the UK pig production data (1967-
'78) as the bivariate logistic distribution has been found to be a good fit to this
data (Castillo, Sarabia and Hadi 1997). We compared all four methods on the basis
of MSE, bias and lengths of confidence intervals for the parameters λ, , σ, τ using
bootstrap resampling technique. Again, MLM and CLS are found to be performing
better than the other two methods, which agrees with the results obtained using
Monte Carlo simulation. CLS has been found to be advantageous than MLM for small sample size (e.g.,
n ThesisMaster of Science (MS
Bisnis Multi Level Marketing Nu Skin Menurut Tinjauan Hukum Islam
No full textThe development of multi-level marketing business increasingly rapidly, diverse, ranging from products, ways of marketing and benefits offered to its members. MLM business development in Indonesia there are pros cons among fiqih scholars, until the Council of Ulama Indonesia actively provide certainty of legal status against MLM-based trading that mushroomed in Indonesia. However, the discussion and supervision of companies using Multi-level marketing system remains to be observed so that there is no unrest among Muslims against the growing MLM business. MLM business in Islam often happens controversy and also there is no law that definitely explain about MLM business, whether or not allowed. This research was conducted to find out how the business system of Multi Level Marketing Nu Skin and how the business system of Multi Level Marketing Nu Skin is viewed from Islamic Law. This research uses descriptive qualitative research method. Researchers go into the field, studying a process or discovery that occurs naturally, taking notes, analyzing, interpreting and reporting and drawing conclusions from the process. The author uses library research utilizing books, research results, and the internet is used to examine matters relating to the business of Multi Level Marketing Nu Skin. The result of research indicate that MLM business system work mechanism (Multi Level Marketing) Nu Skin in general is sell, invite and teach, build organization, and build and motivate. The view of Islamic law on MLM business (Multi Level Marketing) Nu Skin is allowed to be done because it belongs to the category of muamalah the law of origin mubah (may) until there is a prohibition that prohibits it
VoBERT: Unstable Log Sequence Anomaly Detection: Introducing Vocabulary-Free BERT
No full textWith the ever-increasing digitalisation of society and the explosion of internet-enabled devices with the Internet of Things (IoT), keeping services and devices secure is becoming more important. Logs play a critical role in sustaining system reliability. Manual analysis of logs has become increasingly difficult, accelerating the development of automated methods for log-anomaly detection. Despite significant progress in automating log analysis, current state-of-the-art methods face challenges dealing with unstable log data, which means that the content of log messages evolves over time.We show that LogBERT, a state-of-the-art technique based on Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), cannot deal with unstable log data. On the three most prevalent publicly available log datasets, Mathew's Correlation Coefficient (MCC) score (which measures the correlation between a model's output and the correct labels) of LogBERT dropped by 90% after increasing log data instability from 1% to over 80% normal sequences containing logkeys in the test set. Log data instability was increased by only reassigning samples between the train and test set. Furthermore, we show that the high performance of LogBERT reported in the original paper was achieved because the model relied on a simple heuristic that only worked under specific conditions.To address this issue, we propose a novel sequence anomaly detection technique based on BERT: Vocabulary-Free BERT (VoBERT). VoBERT uses a novel pre-training task we designed specifically for anomaly detection: Vocabulary-Free Masked Language Modeling (VF-MLM). We adapted traditional MLM and removed the fixed vocabulary constraint, which allows VF-MLM to classify out-of-vocabulary logkeys correctly.We highlight that VoBERT is more stable than LogBERT and outperforms the latter in certain situations where log data is very unstable. For the public datasets, the MCC score of the specific train-test split used in the LogBERT paper dropped by 90% after reassigning the train-test split, increasing log data instability. In addition to sequence-level anomaly predictions, we evaluated all approaches on element level, providing a more granular performance assessment.To assess the generalisation of the experimental results to real-world scenarios, we conducted a case study evaluating the anomaly detection models on real-world security event data collected at a large bank (50,000+ employees). We found that the simple heuristic did not work for this real-world data, having a negative correlation with the correct results. VoBERT showed performance on par with LogBERT on this real-world security event dataset.We urge future researchers to evaluate their methods on real-world data, as we showed that the commonly used public datasets do not represent real-world scenarios. Furthermore, it is important to assess how difficult it is to detect anomalies in datasets used for evaluation. When a simple heuristic can perform well, such datasets might not be well suited to evaluate a complex anomaly detection model.This thesis is a proof of concept for the novel pre-training task VF-MLM and paves the way for future work to refine this technique further, as well as to develop additional robust and adaptable solutions for log and security event anomaly detection.Computer Science | Artificial Intelligenc
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