1,720,966 research outputs found
Transcription factors in myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment and function.
No full textIn normal hematopoiesis, differentiation and maturation of cell populations belonging to various lineages are tightly regulated by the interaction of many transcription factors. The relative numbers of different myeloid cells depends on their proliferative/apoptotic rate, while their identity relates to their recruitment to the sites of action and the expression of specific genes regulating their function. Under pathological conditions, as during chronic inflammation and cancer development, an aberrant hematopoiesis occurs, with the consequent expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells have distinctive properties that determine their ability to tune down the immune system by principally inactivating CD8(+) T cells. Understanding the molecular networks regulating the phenotypic and functional determination of MDSCs is essential to identify potential therapeutic targets to revert immune deregulation in cancer
Arginase, Nitric Oxide Synthase, and Novel Inhibitors of L-arginine Metabolism in Immune Modulation
No full textIn higher organisms, the control of amino acid metabolism has been identified as an evolutionarily preserved strategy for limiting the expansion of actively proliferating cells, including antigen-activated T lymphocytes, and tumor cells have surreptitiously adopted it to avoid or restrain attack by the immune system. Tumor growth is often associated with an altered metabolism of the amino acid L-arginine (L-Arg) by the enzymes nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase (ARG). In tumor-recruited myeloid cells or in cancerous cells the consequence of their activities causes L-Arg deprivation or release of NO, which have been shown to have profound effects directly on tumor outgrowth as well as on the regulation of antitumor T-cell-mediated immune responses. Experimental findings indicate that when either one of the two enzymes is active, the net effect on T lymphocytes can be attributed to cell cycle arrest whereas the concomitant activation of both enzymes within the same environment can lead to T-cell death by apoptosis. Moreover, an increasing amount of evidence reveals an intricate system of circuits controlling either pathway or their crosstalk in cancer and in immune cells. This highlights the broad range of cellular processes that might be affected by ARG and NOS activity. In general, immune regulation by L-Arg metabolism is not antigen specific but requires that T cells are activated through their clonotypic T-cell receptor in order to be susceptible to these inhibitory circuits. In this chapter, the main processes of tumor immunity influenced by L-Arg metabolism will be discussed, along with the description of novel compounds that can deactivate these metabolic pathways in tumor-bearing hosts and thus help to restore immune reactivity against cancer
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
- …
