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The Role of Parasitoicis in The Pest Management of Citrus Psyllid
No full text柑橘木蝨為柑橘立枯病之媒介昆蟲，其危害已嚴重影響柑橘之產業，因而其防治深受重視。臺灣自1983年至1990年間曾試行自留尼旺島引進亮腹釉小蜂進行柑橘木蝨之生物防治，結果證實該蜂在月橘棲所較穩定環境下，確對柑橘木蝨具抑制效果，且可避免該成蟲之顯著遷飛。因而建議在月橘上，應儘可能保持其棲所之穩定性，避免經常性之大幅修剪或施藥，使已立足之亮腹釉小蜂與本地種紅腹跳小蜂能發揮其寄生能力，維持柑橘木蝨族群低密度穩定消長。而在柑橘園內，為顧及l隻帶毒之柑橘木蝨成蟲即可傳病，且柑橘園內不連續之芽期及施藥不利寄生蜂活動、柑橘木蝨對藥劑相當敏感、及橘園栽培管理中必需施藥防蟲等因素，因而為減少柑橘之罹病率，建議在柑橘園內柑橘木蝨之防治，可忽略寄生蜂之應用，而側重於柑橘園之栽培管理與藥劑防治。
Control of citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama has been emphasized because it is a vector of citrus likubin which seriously threatens the citrus industry of Taiwan. Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) was introduced from Reunion by Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute and evaluated its efficiency against citrus psyllid from 1983 to 1990. The results showed that the introduced parasitoid T. radiata has the ability to depress the population of citrus psyllid which did not disperse actively on jasmine orange when the host environment is stable. Therefore, we suggested to maintain a stable jasmine orange situation by avoiding large scale pruning and insecticide spraying to provide suitable habitat for T. radiata and the native wasp Diaphorencyrtus diaphorinae (Lin & Tao). However, It is not practical to use parasitoids in orchard due to the following reasons: 1. a single citrus psyllid carrying the pathogen can transmit likubin; 2. parasitoid activities are seriously limited by discontinuous budding period and the insecticide application; 3. the citrus psyllid is easily controlled by chemicals; 4. and insecticide application is necessary for citrus cultivation. Therefore, we suggested to use cultivation systems and insecticides without parasitoids for the control of the citrus psyllid to reduce likubin transmission in citrus orchards
Morphology and Life History of Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
No full text底比斯釉小蜂 (Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker)) 行單產雄性孤雌生殖、單員內寄生。未交尾雌蜂之生育力與致死寄主能力較交尾者各降低 81.8 與 66.2%。該蜂以產卵寄生 (65.1%) 與取食寄主 (34.9%) 之方式致死蔬菜斑潛蠅 (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard)。寄主幼蟲被產卵或取食後，各經 3.9 ± 0.4 與 0 分鐘，即不再活動、取食，各自呈現深度麻痺與死亡狀態。羽化高峰期為上午 5 至 7 點間，產卵與取食寄主高峰期均為上午 5 點至下午 1 點間。雌蜂偏好在寄主第三齡幼蟲上產卵與取食。該蜂在 25℃下，卵至蛹期發育所需時間為 13.2 ± 0.1 日，其中卵期為 1.4 ± 0.0 日，幼蟲期為 4.3 ± 0.1 日，前蛹期為 0.7 ± 0.1 日，蛹期為 6.8 ± 0.1 日。卵發育至蛹期之存活率為 95.5 ± 2.1%。每日供應 40～50 隻第三齡寄主幼蟲與純蜂蜜時，雌、雄蜂壽命各為 21.9 ± 1.3 與 16.1 ± 1.3 日，每雌蜂可產 220 ± 32 隻子蜂，並致死寄主 358 ± 48 隻。子代雌性比為 0.50 ± 0.03。
Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker) is an arrhenotokous, solitary idiobiont endoparasitoid of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard. The capability of the unmated wasp to produce offspring and kill hosts decreased by 81.8 and 66.2%, respectively, when compared to the mated wasp. The female wasp was capable of killing L. sativae by parasitizing (65.1%) and host-feeding (34.9%). The host larva became deeply paralyzed without moving and feeding in 3.9 ± 0.4 min after wasp oviposition or died immediately after being fed upon by the wasp. The daily emergence peak was between 0500 and 0700 h while the peak of oviposition and host-feeding was between 0500 and 1300 h. This wasp has host instar preference, with a particular preference to oviposit and host-feed on third instars. At 25oC, the wasp took 13.2 ± 0.1 days to complete the development from egg to pupa. The duration of egg, larval, prepupal, and pupal stages averaged 1.4 ± 0.0, 4.3 ± 0.1, 0.7 ± 0.1, and 6.8 ± 0.1 days, respectively. The survival rate from egg to pupal stage was 95.5 ± 2.1%. When 40-50 3rd instars of L. sativae and honey were provided daily, the longevity of female and male wasps averaged 21.9 ± 1.3 and 16.1 ± 1.3 days, respectively. The fertility and the host killing capability for a wasp were 220 ± 32 wasps and 358 hosts, respectively. The female progeny ratio was 0.50 ± 0.03
(61(3):165-171)Effect of Host and Instar Preference on the Development and Oviposition of the Endoparasitoid Opius caricivorae Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
No full text薹潛蠅繭蜂 (Opius caricivorae Fischer) 為南美斑潛蠅 [Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard)]、蔬菜斑潛蠅 (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) 及非洲菊斑潛蠅 [Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)] 之幼蟲至蛹內寄生蜂。為建立寄生蜂繁殖方法及對寄主防治潛能之評估，本試驗於室內 25℃下進行上述三種寄主與齡期對薹潛蠅繭蜂發育、子蜂數及子代雌性比之影響。結果得知寄主種類對該蜂之發育期與存活率均無顯著影響。在寄主齡期無選擇性或有選擇性試驗時，雌蜂雖均可在寄主三種不同齡期上產卵，但均顯著偏好產卵於寄主第二與三齡幼蟲，且此二處理間無顯著差異。成蜂體型大小雖不受寄主齡期影響，但子蜂數與子代雌性比卻受寄主齡期影響。寄生第一齡寄主者其子蜂數顯著較寄生第二、三齡寄主者減少 24.4–32.8%，子代雌性比顯著較寄生第二、三齡寄主者減少 19.6–35.2%。顯示薹潛蠅繭蜂較適宜在斑潛蠅第二與三齡幼蟲上繁殖。
Opius caricivorae Fischer is a larval-pupal endoparasitoid of the three leafminer species, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), in Taiwan. This study was conducted to determine biological control potential and mass-rearing method of this wasp by investigating effects of host species and different instars of hosts (L. huidobrensis, L. sativae, and L. trifolii) on the development, number of progeny and female proportion of O. caricivorae at 25℃. Results showed that there were no significant (P < 0.05) effect among the three species of leafminer on survival and development of the wasp. Although female wasps could oviposite on larvae of all the three different instars of the three species of leafminers, the female wasps preferred to oviposite on the second and third instars in both experiments of no-choice and free-choice of instars. Also, effect of instars of leafminer was significant (P < 0.05) on number of progeny and female proportion of wasps, but was no significant (P < 0.05) on body size of wasps. The number of progeny from the parasitized, first instar leafminer decreased by 24.4–32.8% compared to the second and third instar leafminer. The proportion of female wasps from the parasitized, first instar leafminer decreased by 19.6–35.2% compared to the second and third instar leafminer. This study indicates that the second and third instar larvae of leafminer are suitably provided for rearing of O. caricivorae
Influence of Temperature on the Population Increase and Host-killing Capability of Chrysocharis pentheus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
No full text底比斯釉小蜂 (Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker)) 為臺灣地區蔬菜斑潛蠅(Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) 之優勢寄生蜂。為瞭解該蜂對蔬菜斑潛蠅生物防治之利用，本文探討溫度 (10～35℃) 對底比斯釉小蜂族群增長與致死寄主能力之影響。結果得知，該蜂之發育適溫帶為 10 至 35℃，其間卵至蛹期之存活率為 46.1～95.5%，發育日數為 10.7～74.9 日。卵至蛹期之發育臨界低溫為 6.4℃；卵、幼蟲、前蛹、蛹及卵至蛹期之發育有效積溫，各為 25、78、9、178 及 282 日度。於定溫情況，每日供應 40～50 隻蔬菜斑潛蠅第三齡幼蟲寄主時，該蜂致死寄主總數在10、15～25、30 及 35℃ 時，各為 0、346～446、8 及 1 隻。但將 25℃ 定溫下發育之成蜂，分別移至 30 與35℃ 時，該蜂致死寄主總數各為 354 與 55 隻。該蜂餵食純蜂蜜，25℃ 時族群增長最快，雌蜂每日產雌性有活力卵數之內在增殖率 (rm)為 0.2177，淨增殖率 (R0) 為 115.2 粒。在 15～35℃ 定溫、每日僅以純蜂蜜餵食，雌、雄蜂壽命隨溫度之上升而縮短，呈顯著之線性迴歸關係，雌、雄蜂壽命之最大估計值，各為 15℃ 時之 65.0 與 44.9 日。在 10～35℃ 定溫、每日同時供應寄主與純蜂蜜時，雌、雄蜂壽命與溫度呈顯著之二次迴歸關係，雌、雄蜂壽命之最大估計值，各為 20.8℃ 時之 26.2 日與 20.9℃ 時之 15.2 日。
Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker) is one of the dominant species in the parasitoid complex of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard in Taiwan. In an attempt to understand the availability of biological control by using C. pentheus, we investigated the influence of temperature (10-35℃ at 5℃ intervals) on both the population increase and host-killing capability of this wasp. The results of our investigation showed that this wasp completed its development within the temperature range of 10 and 35℃, and the survival rate and development period from egg to pupal stage was 46.1-95.5% and 10.7-74.9 days, respectively. The lower developmental threshold estimated was 6.4℃ from egg to pupal stage. C. pentheus requires 25, 78, 9, 178, and 282℃-days, respectively, to complete egg, larval, prepupal, pupal, and egg to pupal stages. When 40-50 third instars of L. sativae were provided daily for a pair of C. pentheus, the total number of hosts killed were 0, 346-446, 8, and 1 at 10, 15-25, 30 and 35℃, respectively. However, with wasps reared at 25℃ during the immature stages and later transferred to 30 or 35℃ after emergence, the total number of hosts killed by parasitism and feeding were 354 and 55, respectively. At 25℃, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and the net reproductive rate (Ro) was 0.2117/day and 115.2 viable female eggs per female, respectively. When adults were fed daily with pure honey only within 15 and 35oC, a linear relationship between temperature and the longevity was found for both female and male wasps. The estimated maximum longevity of the female and male wasps was 65.0 and 44.9 days at 15℃, respectively. For those wasps provided with hosts and pure honey between 10 and 35℃, a parabolic relationship was shown to exist between the temperature and the longevity of both female and male wasps. The estimated maximum longevity of both female and male wasps was 26.2 days at 20.8℃ and 15.2 days at 20.9℃, respectively
(59(4):289-298)The Influence of Storage Temperature and Duration on the Fertility and Host-Killing Capability of Closterocerus okazakii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
No full text岡崎釉小蜂 [Closterocerus okazakii (Kamijo)] 為台灣地區蔬菜斑潛蠅(Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) 之優勢寄生蜂。為增進該蜂對蔬菜斑潛蠅生物防治之利用，本文探討貯存溫度與時間對其之影響。0 日齡蛹在7℃下經貯存1–2 週後，轉移至25℃，羽化率即下降為83.1–90.4%，與對照組之97.8%呈顯著差異；而其若在10℃貯存1–2 週，羽化率則與對照組無顯著差異。但0 日齡蛹在7 與10℃各貯存1–3 與1–4 週後，轉移至25℃定溫，待羽化成蜂後，每日供應寄主蔬菜斑潛蠅幼蟲與純蜂蜜，其中僅蜂蛹在7℃貯存1–2 週者，其壽命、子代雌性比與對照組無顯著差異，僅子蜂數、致死寄主總數及寄生致死寄主與取食致死寄主之比值，顯著較對照組各減少39.0–50.6、26.5–37.5 及35.0%。其他不論蜂蛹在7℃貯存3週、或蜂蛹在10℃各貯存1–4 週，各處理組間之雌蜂壽命、子蜂數及致死寄主總數雖均無顯著差異，但均較對照組各減少29.4–42.2、65.8–72.7 及42.1–60.6%。雌蜂在15℃貯存10–20 日或在25℃貯存10 日，其子蜂數與致死寄主總數均顯著較對照組各減少60.6–68.0 與26.0–36.2%。同時成蜂經貯存後，各處理組之日產卵與取食寄主型式與對照組不一。總之，岡崎釉小蜂之蛹與成蟲雖不適於長時間貯存，但在其繁殖過程中，若需要貯存時，本文建議其條件，依序為 0 日齡蛹在 7℃貯存1–2週、其次為雌蜂在15 與25℃餵食純蜂蜜各貯存10–20 與10 日。若釋放田間做為生物農藥使用時，其較適貯存蟲期與條件可放寬為0 日齡蛹在7 與10℃各貯存1–2與1–4 週、或雌蜂在15 與25℃餵食純蜂蜜各貯存10–30 與10 日。
Closterocerus okazakii (Kamijo) is one of the dominant species in the parasitoids of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard in Taiwan. In an attempt to increase the availability of the biological control agent of C. okazakii, the influence of storage temperature and duration on this wasp was investigated. The results of the investigation showed that there was a significant difference in the percent emergence between 0-day-old pupae stored at 7℃ for 1–2 weeks (% emergences of 83.1–90.4%) and the control (%
emergence of 97.8%). However, the percent emergence did not decrease if the 0-day-old pupae were stored at 10℃ for 1–2 weeks. When the pupae were stored at 7℃ for 1–2 weeks and the emergent wasps were reared at 25℃ with honey and host (L. sativae), the longevity and female proportion were not significantly different from the control; but the offspring production, host-killing capability and proportion host parasitized per fed were significantly decreased by 39.0–50.6、26.5–37.5 and 35.0%. When the pupae were stored at 7℃ for 3 weeks or 10℃ for 1–4 weeks, the female longevity, offspring production, and host-killing capability were significantly decreased by 29.4–42.2、65.8–72.7 and 42.1–60.6%, respectively, compared to those of the control. Adults (0-day-old) were fed only with honey at 15 and 25℃ for various periods for the study of storage conditions. After the end of the storage periods, wasps were kept at 25℃ with both honey and hosts to evaluate their offspring production and host-killing capability. The results revealed that offspring production and host-killing capability of the wasps significantly decreased by 60.6–68.0 and 26.0–36.2% compared to those of the controls after the adults had been stored at 15℃ for 10-20 days and 25℃ for 10 days, respectively. Daily oviposition and host-feeding patterns of females after strage were different from the control. Long-tern storage of pupae and adults of C. okazakii is not recommended. But if long-term storage is required, the best storage condition is maintaining the 0-day-old pupae at 7℃ for 1–2 weeks, followed by female wasps fed with pure honey at 15 and 25℃ for 10–20 and 10 days, respectively. The best storage conditions for wasp release as biopesticide are maintaining 0-day-old pupae at 7℃ for 1–2 weeks or 10℃ for 1–4 weeks; and female wasps fed with honey at 15℃ for 10–30 days or 25℃ for 10 days
Observations on Apanteles plutellae Kurdiumov, a larval parasite of diamond-back moth (Plutella xylostella Linaeus)
No full text小菜娥(Plutella xylotella Linnaeus)幼蟲寄生小繭蜂(Apaizteles pluella Kurdjumov)乃小菜蛾之主要天敵。在本省北部地區春季之田間情況下，其寄生率可達30%。本文從事其各期形態記述，發育經過及部份習性之觀察。各期之識別特徵為卵無色透明，長圓形，尾端有一刺。卵期二天。幼蟲期約為八天。第一齡幼蟲為尾顆型，初孵化時體節不甚明顯，頭大、大顆鍊刀狀，體具尾狀物。經二天後即蛻皮而達二齡。第二齡幼蟲為囊型，此時大頸不見，但見口部有三隆起，即上唇和一對小頸。前胸發達，腹部末端有膨大之圓形囊狀物。約經五天即蛻皮而成為第三齡幼蟲。此時幼蟲穿破寄主體膚外出。其體色淡黃帶綠、略彎曲、大顆與體節均明顯，但腹末之囊狀物消失。幼蟲一屆老熟，約經一天即成前蛹。前蛹體色談黃，腹部帶白色，有橙紅色之眼點。約經二天即化蛹。蛹體鮮黃色稍透明，複眼紅褐色，單眼三個均橙紅色。蛹期約五天。自卯之孵化，幼蟲發育，化蛹至成蟲羽化約需時十七天。成蟲羽化後以蜜水餵飼，其壽命可長達二十天。
Apanteles plutilac Kurd., of the family Braconidae, is an endoparasitic larval parasite of the diamond-back moth, Plitella xylostella L. (Plutellidae). It has been considered as one of the promising biological control agents of the moth in Taiwan. This investigation was aimed at to have a thorough understanding of the biology of
the parasite, and carried out in Taipei under the laboratory conditions of approximately 20±2℃ temperature and 66~75% relative humidity.
The average duration of the egg, larval, prepupal and pupal stages of the parasitewas 2, 8, 2 and 5 days respectively. The total time required for the completion of a life cycle starting from egg to adult emergence averaged 17 days. The preovipositional period was less than 24 hours. Both sex of adult fed on 25% bee honey could live for an average of 20 days. Larvae appeared to have 3 nstars, the first-, second and third-instar, and lasted 2, 5 and 1 day respectively. The fully grown larva came out from the host body and pupated inside silken cocoon beside the remains of its host.
The morphological characteristics of different stages are also described and summerized as follows:
Egg is transparent, elongate with a short stalk, about 0.2 x 0.04 mm in size when deposited into the host and becoming larger 24 hours after deposition. The first instar larva may be recognized as the caudate-mandibulate type, with body transparent, about 0.39-0.58x 0.08-0.14 mm in size, segmentation not clear, head larger, mandible distinct, and with a caudal projection. The second instar larva is semi-transparent about 2.1-4.2 x 0.63-0.84 mm in size, mouth parts three-lobed (labium and a pair of maxillae), segmentation of thorax and abdomen distinct, and caudal projection developed to a vesicle. The third instar larva is yellowish green, about 4.27x 0.84 mm in size, body slightly curved, with distinct mandible, pleura of 1st to 7th abdominal segments distinctly convex, and abdominal apex without apical vesicle. The prepupa is light yellow with ventral side in white color, about 2.6-3.0 x 0.77-1.0 mm in size. And a pair of orange red eye spots appeared. The pupa is bright yellow with seven visible abdominal segents, about 2.8x 0.9mm in size, with antenna, wings and legs transparent. Antenna 18-segmented. The exuviae of the third instar larva remains attached to its abdominal apex. The cocoon is white in color, elongate in shape and about 3.6x 1.5mm in size. The adult is black in color, about 3 mm in length. Forewing about 2.6mm long. Mandible light brown, palpi yellow, antenna black ordark brown, wings hyaline with pterostigma blackish and veins fuscous, legs light brown with coxae black except mid-coxa partially light brown, hind femur, tibia and front and middle tarsi partially dark, hind tarsus almost entirely dark, all legs of males usually darker than those of females. Antenna 18-segmented. Body densely punctate and with fine punctures on face, posterior half of the mesopleurum impunctate, propodeum coarsely densely punctated with a few distinct wrinkles which are more distinct in females. The first two abdominal tergites densely coarsely punctated, punctures on the other tergites are scarce, fine and weak or almost lacking
(62(1):32-39)Oosorption in Four Eulophid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Parasitic on Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
No full text異角釉小蜂 [Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault)]、華釉小蜂 [Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood)]、底比斯釉小蜂 [Chrysoncharis pentheus (Walker)] 及岡崎釉小蜂 [Closterocerus okazakii (Kamijo)] 為台灣地區斑潛蠅之本地種重要寄生蜂，此四種釉小蜂卵巢內成熟卵之形成與吸收型式均相似。以上各雌蜂僅供食蜂蜜，0 日齡時卵巢內之成熟卵數少，各僅0.5、4.5、0.0 及4.3 粒；1 日齡時成熟卵數均顯著增加；至2 或3 日齡時成熟卵數達最高且持續3 d，各為2.0–2.4、15.9–17.2、5.3–6.2 及8.7–9.9 粒；但至5 或7 日齡時成熟卵數即下降，直至25 日齡時，各為1.7–0.0、14.7–3.1、3.8–0.5 及7.1–0.8 粒。四種釉小蜂在25℃、供食蜂蜜下隔離寄主25 d，再遇寄主3 或5 d 後，其卵巢內雖有新成熟卵形成，但數量僅2.3–3.8 粒。顯示四種釉小蜂在無寄主時，雖均可以卵吸收方式保存生殖資源，以調節產卵時機，但此策略卻受限其產卵調節時限，並不十分有效。因此為增強此等釉小蜂對斑潛蠅之抑制效果，建議應維持環境之穩定性，如在田間供應釉小蜂蜜源以延長其壽命。
Four eulophid wasps, Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault), Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), Chrysoncharis pentheus (Walker) and Closterocerus okazakii (Kamijo) are important native parasitoids of leafminers in Taiwan. The types of their oosorption and oogenesis are similar. As these species were fed only on honey at 25℃, the average numbers of mature eggs in their ovaries of 0-day-old female wasps were 0.5, 4.5, 0.0 and 4.3, respectively, increased significantly in 1-day-old females, and reached the top at 2- or 3-day-old for 3 days, being 2.0–2.4, 15.9–17.2, 5.3–6.2 and 8.7–9.9, respectively. However, the numbers decreased to 1.7–0.0, 14.7–3.1, 3.8–0.5, and 7.1–0.8, respectively, from 5- or 7-day-old to 25-day-old of the female age. As these four wasps were fed on honey only without host for 25 days, then fed on host and honey for 3 or 5 days more, only 2.3–3.8 new mature eggs were found in their ovaries. The results indicated that these four eulophid wasps could salvage nutrients in the oocytes by oosorption to regulate their oviposition times during the absence of hosts, but this strategy was not very effective. Therefore, to enhance the leafminers control efficacy of these four eulophid wasps, the stable field conditions such as providing nectar food sources to prolong their longevity are suggested
Effect of Common Insecticides on Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
No full text以帶蟲或不帶蟲菜豆苗 (Phaseolus vulgaris var. communis Aeschers) 浸漬法 (dipping method) 測試歐殺滅 (oxamyl SL)、阿巴汀 (abamectin EC) 及賽滅淨(cyromazine SL, WP) 等藥劑對蔬菜斑潛蠅 (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) 未成熟期與成蟲期之影響。結果得知上述三種藥劑均對蔬菜斑潛蠅具顯著之致死效果，確可供該蠅防治用。歐殺滅與阿巴汀對蔬菜斑潛蠅各蟲期之防治效能，均以卵與幼蟲期最高，致死率為 100%，其次為成蟲期。雌蟲接觸上述二種藥劑 24 小時，其間其存活率、產卵數及取食刻點數，不僅各受到 18.3～26.0、97.3～98.9 及 95.2～97.3%之抑制，尚對雌蟲接觸藥劑 24 小時後之壽命、子代成蟲數及取食刻點數，各達 50.3～62.9、95.5～98.9 及 89.3～99.9% 之抑制。賽滅淨兩種劑型對蔬菜斑潛蠅各蟲期之防治效能，則以幼蟲期最高，致死率達 100%；卵期次之，對孵化率雖無影響，但對其後第一、二及三齡幼蟲之致死率，各為 60.6～64.0、94.2～98.2 及 100%；成蟲期受藥劑影響較低，雌蟲接觸此藥劑不同劑型 24 小時，其間藥劑對雌蟲存活率、產卵數及取食刻點數等，雖均無顯著直接影響，但對雌蟲接觸藥劑 24 小時後之子代成蟲數與取食刻點數，各達 73.9～85.2 與 73.4～75.9% 之抑制。
Seedlings of field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. communis Aeschers) with and without the leaf miner (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) were used to study the effects of three insecticides (oxamyl SL, abamectin EC, cyromazine SL, and cyromazine WP) against the different life stages of L. sativae by dipping method. The results showed that all these insecticides have a significant lethal effect on L. sativae and can be used to control the leaf miner. The highest lethal effect of oxamyl and abamectin was recorded for the egg and larval stages with a survival rate of 0%, and the second most effective period was the adult stage. The adult-24-hour survival rate, the number of eggs and number of feeding stipples were reduced by 18.3-26.0, 97.3-98.9 and 95.2-97.3%, respectively, and the longevity, adult progeny and the number of feeding stipples after 24 hours also decreased by 50.3-62.9, 95.5-98.9 and 89.3-99.9%, respectively. The highest lethal effect of the two cyromazine formulations was recorded for the larval stage with a survival rate of 0%; the second most effective period was the egg stage, although hatching was not affected, while the larval mortality of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars was 60.6-64.0, 94.2-98.2 and 100%, respectively. The least affected was the adult stage with no direct effect on the adult-24-hour survival rate and the number of eggs and number of feeding stipples. However, the adult progeny and the number of feeding stipples after 24 hours decreased by 73.9-85.2 and 73.4-75.9%, respectively
Morphology, Life History and Life Table of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
No full text本試驗以菜豆苗 (Phaseolus vulgaris var. communis Aeachers) 飼育南美斑潛蠅 (Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard))，除觀察該蠅之形態與生活史外，並研究蜂蜜、交尾及溫度等對其族群增長之影響。該蠅之羽化、交尾及產卵與老熟幼蟲鑽出葉片等活動均主要發生於上午。羽化當日、第二、第三及第四日成蠅之交尾率分別為 5.7、68.9、23.6 及 1.9%。雌、雄蠅皆行多次交尾，在 25℃ 下未交尾雌蠅餵食蜂蜜時雖可產 29 粒卵，但均不孵化；而已交尾雌蠅未餵食蜂蜜時，其壽命、有活力卵數及取食刻點數均顯著低於餵食蜂蜜者。雌蠅自取食孔取食或由產卵孔取食。雌蠅在豆苗之子葉與本葉上產卵或取食時，均對豆苗之子葉具顯著偏好性。於 15～25℃時，可利用豆葉內第三齡幼蟲數估算該蠅之產卵數。卵至蛹期之發育臨界低溫為7.6℃，卵、幼蟲、蛹及卵至蛹期之發育有效積溫各為 42、110、139 及 278 日度。餵食純蜂蜜時，25℃ 雖為該蠅族群增長最快之溫度，此時雌性有活力卵數之每日內在增殖率為 0.1999；但 20℃ 卻為該蠅最適繁殖之溫度，此時每雌產下雌性有活力卵數之淨增殖率為 152.0 粒。該蠅最佳飼育條件為在 20℃ 定溫下、每日供食純蜂蜜、並以 15～20 cm 高去除本葉之菜豆苗，供二日齡以上已交尾雌蠅產卵一日，然後將已產有蠅卵之豆苗移置在 25℃、相對濕度 65～85% RH 及光周期 14:10 (L:D)下飼育，直至羽化成蠅。
In this study the morphology, life history, and the effect of honey, mating and temperature on the population growth rate of the leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), were studied in the laboratory with field bean, Phaseolus vulgaris var. communis Aeschers, as the host plant. The results indicated that emergence, mating, oviposition and feeding of adults as well as larvae emerging from leaves all took place primarily in the morning. Males and females mated more than once, and the mating rate reached 5.7, 68.9, 23.6 and 1.9% on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th day, respectively. At 25℃, unmated females fed with honey could lay 29 infertile eggs, while mated females without honey supply had significant lower values of longevity, fecundity and number of feeding stipples than those fed with honey. Females had a significant preference for laying their eggs and feeding on cotyeldons leaf to plumule leaf of field bean. The number of third instars within the mesophyll can be used to estimate the oviposition of the leafminer between 15-25℃. The lower developmental threshold was estimated to be 7.6℃ for the development from egg to pupal stage. L. huidobrensis requires 42、110、139 and 278 degree-days, respectively, to complete the egg, larval, pupal and total immature stages. The maximum intrinsic rate of L. huidobrensis was observed at 25oC (rm = 0.1999/day) when honey was provided. The maximal net reproductive rate was observed at 20℃ (R0 = 152.0 viable female eggs). Optimal oviposition condition was obtained by using two-day-old and older mated females that were fed daily on honey, and were provided with field bean seedlings without plumule leaf, about 15-20 cm in height, for one day at 20℃. The oviposited seedlings were then transferred to 25℃ with a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) and 65~85% RH
Appearance and Life History of Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
No full text異角釉小蜂 (Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault)) 行單產雄性孤雌生殖、單員外寄生。交尾與否對雌蜂生殖力有影響。該蜂以產卵寄生 (42%) 與取食寄主 (58%) 之方式致死非洲菊斑潛蠅 (Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess))。寄主幼蟲被產卵或取食後，各經4 與0 分鐘，即不再活動、取食，各自呈現深度麻痺與死亡。羽化盛期為早上5 至 7 點，產卵與取食寄主盛期各為早上 5 點至下午 1 點，與早上9 點至下午 5點。該蜂在 25℃ 下，一世代發育所需時間為 11.1±0.1 天，其中卵期為1.1±0.0 天，幼蟲期為4.1±0.1 天，前蛹期為 0.7±0.0 天，蛹期為 5.2±0.1 天。每日供應 40∼50隻第三齡寄主幼蟲時，雌、雄蜂壽命各為 22.4±1.6 與 14.5±1.0 天，生殖力為每雌蜂可產204±22 隻子蜂，子代雌性比為 0.62±0.02，每雌蜂致死寄主數為 497±38 隻。
Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault) is an arrhenotokous, solitary ectoparasitoid of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). The fecundity of the female was affected by mating. The female was capable of killing L. trifolii by parasitizing (42%) and host-feeding (58%). The host larva was deeply paralyzed without moving and feeding in 4 min after wasp oviposition or died immediately after wasp feeding. Its peak of emergence was between 0500 and 0700 h while that of oviposition and host-feeding was between 0500 and 1300 h, and between 0900 and 1700 h, respectively. At 25 ℃ , the wasp took 11.1±0.1 days to complete the development from egg to adult. The duration of egg, larval, prepupal, and pupal stages averaged 1.1±0.0, 4.1±0.1, 0.7±0.0, and 5.2±0.1 days, respectively. When 40-50 3rd-instar larvae of L. trifolii were provided daily, the fecundity and the host killing capability for a wasp was 204±22 wasps and 497±38 hosts, respectively. The longevity of female and male wasps averaged 22.4±1.6 and 14.5±1.0 days, respectively. The female progeny ratio was 0.62±0.02
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