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The Role of Parasitoicis in The Pest Management of Citrus Psyllid
No full text柑橘木蝨為柑橘立枯病之媒介昆蟲，其危害已嚴重影響柑橘之產業，因而其防治深受重視。臺灣自1983年至1990年間曾試行自留尼旺島引進亮腹釉小蜂進行柑橘木蝨之生物防治，結果證實該蜂在月橘棲所較穩定環境下，確對柑橘木蝨具抑制效果，且可避免該成蟲之顯著遷飛。因而建議在月橘上，應儘可能保持其棲所之穩定性，避免經常性之大幅修剪或施藥，使已立足之亮腹釉小蜂與本地種紅腹跳小蜂能發揮其寄生能力，維持柑橘木蝨族群低密度穩定消長。而在柑橘園內，為顧及l隻帶毒之柑橘木蝨成蟲即可傳病，且柑橘園內不連續之芽期及施藥不利寄生蜂活動、柑橘木蝨對藥劑相當敏感、及橘園栽培管理中必需施藥防蟲等因素，因而為減少柑橘之罹病率，建議在柑橘園內柑橘木蝨之防治，可忽略寄生蜂之應用，而側重於柑橘園之栽培管理與藥劑防治。
Control of citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama has been emphasized because it is a vector of citrus likubin which seriously threatens the citrus industry of Taiwan. Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) was introduced from Reunion by Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute and evaluated its efficiency against citrus psyllid from 1983 to 1990. The results showed that the introduced parasitoid T. radiata has the ability to depress the population of citrus psyllid which did not disperse actively on jasmine orange when the host environment is stable. Therefore, we suggested to maintain a stable jasmine orange situation by avoiding large scale pruning and insecticide spraying to provide suitable habitat for T. radiata and the native wasp Diaphorencyrtus diaphorinae (Lin & Tao). However, It is not practical to use parasitoids in orchard due to the following reasons: 1. a single citrus psyllid carrying the pathogen can transmit likubin; 2. parasitoid activities are seriously limited by discontinuous budding period and the insecticide application; 3. the citrus psyllid is easily controlled by chemicals; 4. and insecticide application is necessary for citrus cultivation. Therefore, we suggested to use cultivation systems and insecticides without parasitoids for the control of the citrus psyllid to reduce likubin transmission in citrus orchards
Biological Control of Citrus Psyllid
No full text柑橘木蝨(Diaphorina citri)與南非木蝨(Trioza erytreae)均為柑橘立枯病之媒介昆蟲。本文分別列述彼等寄生性與捕食性天敵之種類及其應用於木蝨防治之實例。並就其生物或綜合防治成功之原因略加探討。
The citrus psyllids, Diaphonina citni and Tnioza erytreae, are the vectors of a bacterium-like organism known as the citrus likubin. This paper included the descriptions of their parasitoids and predators, the case studies of using these natural enemies for their control, and the causes of success in their biological control or integrated pest management
Heavy Rainfall and Southwesterly Flow after the Leaving of Typhoon Mindulle (2004) from Taiwan
No full textThe strategy of parasitoid in relation to its biocontrol efficacy
No full text寄生蜂與寄主在長期共同演化過程中，寄生蜂為順利寄生於寄主並繁衍子代，在生活習性上已發展出許多寄生與繁殖策略。這些策略除可供害蟲生物防治上選取有效寄生蜂之標準及寄生蜂大量繁殖與儲存技術之建立、闡釋寄生蜂與寄主間之族群動態外，尚可提供害蟲防治決策之訂定。因而為使寄生蜂發揮其防治害蟲之潛能，寄生蜂之寄生行為甚受重視。本文除簡介寄生蜂與寄主間之共同演化趨勢外，尚就寄生蜂之寄生與繁殖策略，探討彼等策略與生物防治效果之關係。
當寄生蜂與寄主共同演化時，寄主為了對抗寄生蜂之寄生，遂發展出逃避被寄蜂發現、生理免疫反應、及藉共生螞蟻保護等之策略。而寄生蜂為了成功的繁衍其後代，亦發展出對抗寄主之策略，例如：以型態特化或味道擬態以接近寄主；或具抗寄主發育與免疫反應之策略，其中包括對寄主齡期產生偏好性、調節寄主發育期、抗寄主包囊反應、調節自身發育以配合寄主發育期、及調節產卵量等之策略。在寄生策略方面，除發展對抗寄主防禦反應之策略外，尚包括尋找寄主策略與產卵策略。前者例如：搜尋寄主方式、功能反應、及對寄主斑狀群之時間分配等策略；後者則包括如：小卵多產型、高雌性比、單產雄性孤雌生殖、原定式產卵或應變式產卵、非共育寄生性或共育寄生性、種內或種間競爭、及重複寄生等策略。而在繁殖策略方面，則發展有交尾、取食、卵吸收、產卵調節、及分散等策略。
Parasitoids have developed some parasitic and reproductive strategies after long term coevolution with their hosts. These strategies can be used to select effective parasitoids, to establish mass rearing and storage techniques, to reveal population dynamics with hosts, and to provide control-decision for biological control of insect pests. Study on parasitoid behavior has been therefore fortified to maximize the parasitoid potential for insect pests control.
The hosts have developed some counteractive strategies such as escaping from parasitoids discovery, encapsulating the eggs and larvae of parasitoids by haemolymphs, and protecting by symbiont-ants from parasitization during their coevolution with parasitoids. Meanwhile, in order to accomplish success in progeny reproduction, the parasitoids have developed some strategies to overcome such defensive measures. These include approaching the host by modifying morphology or odor, suppressing the development and immunity response of host by way of host instar preference, host development regulation, host anti-encapsulation, and parasitoid development and self-regulated oviposition. The searching strategies include the process of searching, functional responses, patch time allocation. The oviposition strategies include laying abundant small eggs, high female rate, arrhenotoky, pro-ovigenic or syn-ovigenic, idiobiont or koinobiont, inter-specific competition, and hyperparasitism. The reproductive strategies include mating, feeding, oosorption, oviposition regulation and dispersion
BIONOMICS OF TAMARIXIA RADIATA (WATERSTON):AN ECTOPARASITOIDOF DIAPHORINA CITRI KUWAYAMA IN TAIWAN
No full textAnatomical Characteristics of Artificially Induced Tension Wood in Seedlings of Honduras Mahogany
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A Study of Yu-chien Jo-fen
Get PDFYü-chien 玉澗, who is as famous as Mu-chi has always been praised till our time as a painter of the “transcendental mode” of the end of the Sung Period and there are fine examples of his works, such as the fragments of the “Scroll of the Eight Views of Hsiao-hsiang” and the fragments of the “View of Lu-shan.” But we have four painters crowned with the name of Yü-chien through the Sung and Yüan Periods, and it is problematical which is the artist of the works we have. Among these four, Mêng Yü-chien i 孟玉澗, who was not a monk and who lived in the latter half of the Yüan Period, can not be and naturally has not been regarded as the artist of these works. As for Pin Yü-chien 彬玉澗, another of the four, we find a poem for his painting in an anthology of a Ch'an monk. But we have not enough material to connect this with the existing “ Yü-chien” works.
The other two are Ying Yü-chien 瑩玉澗 and Yü-chien Jo-fên 玉澗若芬. The author earlier presented a hypothetical idea that the “ Yü-chien” we have is Ying Yü-chien, a poet priest in the circle of the famous Ch'an priest Ch'ih-chüeh Tao-ch'ung 癡絶道冲. The reasons were that he was considered to have been one of the pastime painters of the Ch'an Sect, who have been thought to have encouraged ink painting at the end of the Sung Period and that all of the existing works haye Yü-chien's own poems.
However, after that, the author found several materials which convinced him that the Yü-chien we have is not Ying Yü-chien but chien Jo-fên, and here presents his new theory. It is as follows. In the anthologies of such literati as Wu Shih-tao 呉師道, Chin Lũ-hsiang 金履祥 and Wang Po 王柏, who are from Chin-hua 金華 as well as Yü-chien Jo-fên, and who were active at the end of Sung and the beginning of Yüan, he found the name of Fên Yü-chien; and there he also found the facts that he was good at simple transcendental ink painting and that he always wrote his own poem on his painting. Not only that, he made it clear that the biography of Yü-chien Jo-fên in Sung-chai-mén-pú 松斎梅譜, written by Wu Tai-su 呉太素, is a rather precise record of Jo-fên and Jo-fên's paintings as he saw and heard of them. From these facts, WEM, the author judges it more reasonable to consider this priest of the Tien-t'ai Sect from Chin-hua of Chê-ching Province as the artist of the extant works than to connect Ying Yü-chien, the poet priest, and these works. This new idea rises a new question for the student of Sung and Yüan ink painting, who generally have tended to em phasize the relationship between the Sung and Yüan ink paintings and the church of the Ch'an sect : on the one hand, it proposes a question about artists' personal taste which may, more than the religious attitude of the Chan sect, have promoted this artistic trend, and also a question about the possible relationship of this trend to the tradition of ink painting in Chê-chiang Pro vince and to the prevalance of the transcendental style in the Sung Period.journal articl
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