135,931 research outputs found
(21(2):128-138)種子和根分泌物與某些作物發生Rhizoctonia 腰折病之關係
No full textThe relation between plant exudates and soil-borne diseases is a challenging problem in the field of plant pathology. Barton (1) and other workers (2,3,4,5,67,8,9,10,13,) indicated that exudates from roots or other plant parts are attractive to parasitic organisms, or inductive to a growth response of pathogens that aids the infection process. Schroth and Snyder (11) proved that amino acids and sugars of bean exudates favorably influenced germination and growth of chiamydospores of Fusarium solani f. phaseoli in soil. Schroth and Cook. (14) reported that plant exudate was not specific to Fusarium spp. since spores of may other fungi germinated contiguously to seed germination of bean, and they evidently proved that incidence of pre-emergence damping-off of bean caused by Rhizoctonia sp. (isolates of the Praticola type) and Pythium spp. was greatly influenced by the amount of seed and young root exudation. Schroth and Hendrix (12) also found that chiamydospores of F. solani f. phaseoli germinated in the presence of exudates from many nonsusceptible plants as well as the host plant. On the other hand, the specificity of root exudates in stimulating plant pathogen was demonstrated by Kerr (8).
He grew sterile seedlings in cellophane bags and buried in the soil inoculated with Pellicularia filamentosa (=Rhizoctonia solani). An intense development of the pathogen occurred on the cellophane opposite to the roots of the two susceptible hosts of lettus and radish, but such effect was not observed with tomato roots, which are not susceptible to the pathogen. Buxton (2) also reported a specific relationship between the germination of spores of F. oxysporurn f. pisi and the exudates of three pea varieties differing in susceptibility to this pathogen. Although further understanding of the dynamic situation operating in the rhizosphere is needed, it is almost certain that root exudates of plants play an important role in the establishment and maintaince of the rhizosphere microorganism populations.
The experiments reported herein were made to determine whether the amount of seed exudations would vary among different susceptible host plants and whether the exudates would influence growth of R. solani mycelium and incidence of pre-and post-emergence damping-off Consideration was also given to the sites of seed and young root exudations.
植物根或其他部位之分泌物已被確認可引誘寄生性生物之發生，促進植物病原菌之生長，並有助於侵染之完成。本研究以19種對Rhizoctonia solani不同感病程度之作物，以濾紙法測定其種子和根分泌物中含有氨基酸類及低醣類之多寡和分泌部位，比較各種作物種子和根分泌物培養病原菌後對菌絲生長之影響，並與栽植各種作物後土壤內菌絲密度之實際增減情形對照觀察，以資進一步瞭解種子和根分祕物對各種作物發生Rhizoctonia腰折病之關係。
供試19種作物對R. solani菌株K-1之感病情形可分成四類：①種子和幼苗均可被侵染者有大豆、黃麻、綠豆、洋蔥、胡蘿蔔、番茄、豌豆、和鐘麻；②僅種子可被侵染者有大蒜、草豆、和小麥；③僅幼苗可被侵染者有白菜、高粱、玉米、蘿蔔、花椰菜和棉花；④種子和幼苗均有抗性者僅水稻。
各種作物氨基酸類之分泌大都源自發芽種子，主根和支根根尖-根毛、或生育中鬚支根等，因作物不同，分泌部位亦異。依據濾紙法測量各種作物在濾紙上分泌氨基酸類面積大小結果，以花生及蠶豆分泌量最多，而水稻、白菜、綠豆、蘿蔔、胡蘿蔔、和番茄則僅微量。低醣類之分泌大都源自發芽種子和幼根，惟綠豆分泌部位集中在幼根。在供試作物中低醣類分泌量以蠶豆、大蒜和小麥等3種作物顯著地比其他作物為多。
此作物之萌前腰折病和萌後腰折病之發生與土壤內病原菌菌絲密度有密切關係。種植後可增進R. solani在土壤內菌絲密度之作物，在室內研究中證明其根分泌物確可刺激菌絲體之生長。根分泌物分兩種情形刺激菌絲體生長，促進菌絲平面生長速度或增進菌絲體乾重量。菌絲體乾重量之增加對罹病程度之加劇和土壤內菌絲密度之增大，並無直接而明顯之關連
(18(1):78-82)棉鈴黑化病之發生與昆蟲之關係研究
No full textThe causal organism of cotton boll black rot can be transmitted by the spiny boll-worm, pink bollworm, and cotton stainer at a very high percentage. More than 42% to 100% infection of the disease is caused by feedings of these insects sprayed with spore suspension.
High humidity is another factor favorable to the disease development regardless of insect transmission or artificial inoculation.
本研究之目的在究明一些常見的棉鈴害蟲如金鋼鑽，紅鈴蟲及赤星樁象等之害對棉鈴黑化病病原菌之傳播及侵染媒介情形。本研究分室內試驗與溫室試驗進行之。室內試驗，先使害蟲黏附病原菌孢子後，置二頭同類害蟲於一瓶蓋下黏附在健全棉鈴上，在28℃定溫下任其蛀食4日，再取去瓶蓋及蟲體，并改套塑膠袋；觀測棉鈴黑化病之發生率。溫室試驗則改在棉株上利用銅網代替瓶蓋；固定處理後之昆蟲在一定棉鈴上，4日後取去蟲體并將半數供試棉鈴改套塑膠袋；相互比較黑化病之發生情形。
本研究結果證實處理過棉鈴黑化病病原菌分生孢子之金鋼鑽，紅鈴蟲及赤星樁象在棉鈴上蛀食後可使42~100%之棉鈴發生黑化病。三種供試害蟲中咀嚼式口器害蟲（金鋼鑽及紅鈴蟲）對棉鈴黑化病之傳播比刺吸式口器害蟲（赤星樁象）容易。高濕度對病原菌侵染後之病勢進展有利。供試三種昆蟲之傳播黑化病順序為金鋼鑽，紅鈴蟲，赤星樁象
鐘麻腰折病病原菌(Rhizoctonja solani)初次侵染源之研究
No full textHyphae of Rhizoctonia solani showed stronger pathogenicity than scierotia on kenaf seeds and seedlings. The saprophytic activity of R. solanI in the soil was most prominent at the soil surface to a depth of 30 cm. Approximately 19.0-3.696 of the organic debris obtained at this depth carried incculum of R. solanl. The loofah root harbcred less R. solani than that of 8 other previcus crops in kenaf field. Isciates of R. solanl differed in their ability to form scierotia. Of the three isolates tested, K-1 and K-2 produced a slightly greater number of scierotia in natural soil than sterilized soil, while the isolate S-1 formed n-tore sclerctia , in natural soil inccrpcrated with sterilized soil. Therefore, the ability of scierotia fcrmaticn of R. solani seemed to be greatly depended upon the substrates as well as the isolates ccncerned.
土壤內Rhizoctonla solani之腐生菌絲及菌核均為該病原菌之初次侵染源。惟兩者對鐘麻種子及幼苗之致病力菌絲較菌核強。R. solani在土壞內之腐生活動大部份均集中在自土面以下30公分聞的有機殘體上。在臺灣南部地區9種不同前作物之10處鐘麻田調查結果，此一深度範圍內之有機殘體平均19.0-53.6%帶有R. solani，前作物絲瓜的鐘麻田含有R. solani之有機殘體則顯著減內產少。R. solani產生菌核的能力因菌株而異。供試三菌株中之二菌株（K--1及K-2）在未消毒
土壤生菌核數較消毒土壤內多，另一供試菌株（S-1）則在消毒土壤與未消毒土壤各一半均勻混合之土壤內最適合產生菌核。因此，判斷R. solani之菌核產生能力應同時考慮供應產生菌核之基質（土壤）種類及菌株類別
鐘麻腰折病病原菌(Rhizoctonia solani)菌株間生理分化之初步研究
No full textDifferent species and varieties of kenaf, including HIbiscus acetosella, H. radiatus, H. sabdariffa and 7 varieties of H. cannabinus, were tested under greenhouse and labcratory conditions for their susceptibility to three isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (=Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk) from kenaf seedlings. Reaction of seeds and seedlings to a given isolate varied from moderately resistant to highly susceptible. The results suggest the possibility of the existence of physiologic soecialization in the isolates of R. solani.
本研究分別在實驗室及溫室測定10種不同品種之鐘麻（包括Hibiscus cannabinus 7品種，H. acetosella, H. radialus,及H. sabdariffa各1品種）對自鐘麻分離之Rhizoctonia solani菌株之惑受性。鐘麻幼苗或種子對R. solani之感病性因病原菌菌株及鐘麻品種之不同而有差異其反應自極感病至中等抗病。根據此項事實，筆者認為侵害鐘麻之R. solani菌株間可能有不同生理型存在，惟須更進一步之探討與試驗
臺灣白木耳之栽培 兼介其烹飪方法
No full textThe white jelly fungus, Tremena fueiformis Berk., has been successfully mass-cultivated in Taiwan. Its cultivation methods, including spawn preparation, bed-log preparation, inoculation, laying and raising, cropping and washing, drying and storing, are herein introduced. Its cooking methods are also recommended, such as stir-fried white jelly mushroom with peanuts, white jelly mushroom salad, white jelly mushroom with shrimp, white jelly mushroom with soybean paste, stir-fried white jelly mushroom with green garlic, white jelly mushroom soup, and jellied white jelly mushrooms.
白木耳在臺灣大量栽培成功。其栽培方法包括準備菌種、準備源木、接種技術、原木堆積、採收與亁燥與眝等術均要介之。用檬果木材接種，在20~25℃下35~45天培養菌絲,然後將木段立排列,在20~27℃及相對濕度85~95%下產生菇,收後以50℃漸胮至40℃乾燥8小時。由臺南區農改良硏究改良之7道白木耳烹飪法食譜，包括銀耳炒花生、涼拌銀耳、蝦仁溜銀耳、豆瓣銀耳、蒜炒銀耳、銀耳焿及銀耳凍等亦一併介之
The Genus Auricularia in Taiwan
No full text本省野生木耳類依據採得之74件標本，鑒定後證實分別棣屬於Auricularia auricular、A. polytricha、A. delicata、A. mesenterica、A. peltata和A. fuscosuccinea等七種。其中以A. polytricha和A. delicata最普遍。A. auricular分佈在海拔1,000公尺以上山林。本省人工栽培種大都爲A. polytricha，僅少數爲A. auricula。
According to 74 specimens collected from woods throughout the Islands, even species are identified: namely Auricularia auricula, A. delicate, A. mesenterica, A. cornea, A. peltata, and A. fuscosuccinea. Among which A. polytricha and A, delicate are the most common species. A. auricula is collected only from where the altitude is higher than 1,000 M from sea level. The majority of cultivated auricularias belong to A. polytricha, and only a few belong to A. auricula
(Special Publication of TARI No. 25)Proceedings of a Symposium of Plant Nematode Diseases Controls
No full text(23(1):75-82)STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF RHIZOCTONIA DAMPING - OFF OF FLAX AND JUTE BY MYCOPHAGOUS NEMATODE, APHELENCHUS AVENA
No full text應用捕食性線蟲Apholenchus avenae防治亞麻、黃麻腰折病，室內盆栽試驗結果，發現在每栽盆（113cm2）Rhizoctonia solani病土內接種A. avenae l,710-8,550隻，能有效防治亞麻、黃麻腰折病之發生，接種之線蟲數過多或過少，均無良好防治效果。
A. avenae在R. solani之菌絲上餵食，一個細胞的內容物在15秒鐘內即可被吸空。線蟲在餵食前其頭唇部左右擺動探索，直至與菌絲細胞接觸，而口針與細胞壁成垂直狀。
在適當溫度30℃下，A. avenae之繁殖速度最快，而過於低溫10℃或高溫40℃均不良於生長。土壤濕度亦是影響線蟲繁殖之一重要因子，一般在高土壤濕度40%MHC環境下，線蟲生存數目會逐漸減少，而在土壤濕度20%MHC下，最適宜於A. avenae之繁殖生長。
The results showed that, in general, for all the fungus-nematode combinations studied, an inital population of A. avenae at approximately 1710-8550 nematodes gave the best control of flax damping-off in 133cm2 of R. solani sick soil. Both higher and lower populations gave poorer control of the disease Similar resuslts were obtained from Rhizoctonia darning-off of Jute.
A. avenae removed cell contents of hyphal cell of R. solani in a feeding cycle of about 15 sec. duration. The nematodes probed with its lips before feeding, turning its head from side to side until its lips touched a host cell. The nematode oriented its stylet against the cell wall at a right angle to the cell surface.
The rate of population increae of A. avenae was great at moderate temperature (30°C), and was least at both very low (10℃) or very high temperature (40°C). Soil moisture was also an important environmental factor affecting population growth. In general, the number of nematodes surviving in soil decreased with the increase of soil moisture. The optimum growth soil moisture was 20%MHC
(21(4):273-279)黃麻品種，植株成熟度，土壤溫度及土壤濕度對立桔病發生之影響
No full textStem rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseoli (Maubl.) Ashhy (Scierotium bataticola Maubl.), is one of the most important diseases of jute (Corchorus capsularis) and kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) in Taiwan. the organism is also known to cause root and stem diseases of many economic crops, notably charcoal rot of soybean (Glycine mix), corn (Zea mays), and sorghum (Sorghum Vulgare), and root rot of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The epidemics of Macrophomina diseases in relation to environmental factors has been discussed in some crops. Edmunds reported that no infection in soils, occurred when the available soil moisture was above 80%, but the infection, as evidenced by abundant sclerotial production, was so severe as up to 25%. Cotton plants subjected to water stress were more susceptible to the disease than plants watered normally. In sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), infection occurs early and results in death of a large number of seedlings at 35°C.
According to field investigations, the incidence of Macrophomina stem rot of jute is especially severe when the plants are mature and almost ready for harvest. However, the significance of the environment in relation to the severity of the disease on jute is not clear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of jute variety, plant maturity, and some environmental factors on the severity of the disease.
本省目前推廣之黃麻4品種中並無完全抗立枯病品種。臺農3號具中等抗病性，其次為臺農選1號，再次為臺農1號，而以臺農2號最為感病。黃麻自發芽後14日內可因。(Macrophomina phaseoli) (Maubl.) Ashhy之侵染產生嚴重幼苗根腐型立枯病，但自30日後黃麻根部對立枯病病原菌之侵染具有抵抗性，即使極感病性品種（臺農2號）亦未見有根腐型病微。黃麻愈成熟愈容易發生莖腐型立枯病，經以牙籤接種法將病原菌接種在不同生育日數之黃麻莖部，15日後檢查罹病病斑結果，以臺農1號為例、生長日數30日者為21.69mm2，60日者為31.38mm2，90日者為32.63 mm2，120日者為 34.69mm2。土壤溫度與黃麻根腐型立枯病之發生成正相關關係。在35℃土溫下黃麻根腐型立枯病發生指數為19.26，31℃為12.3，27℃為9.90，而以23℃最少為7.58。土壤濕度與黃麻莖枯型立枯病之發生成負相關關係。低土壤濕度環境下較容易感染；病斑擴大快速，而在高土壤濕度環境者較有抵抗性二病斑擴大緩慢。黃麻（臺農1號）生長在不同含水量土壤1個月後接種病原菌，經15日後調查病斑大小結果，45% MHC者平均為17mm2，35% MHC者為25mm2，25% MHC者為 26mm2，而以15% MHC者病斑最大為44mm2
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