28,643 research outputs found
The Hanlimwŏn Academy under the Early Koryŏ Dynasty ―― In Relation to the han lin hsüeh shih and the chih chih kao of the Sung China
Get PDFUnder the early kings of the Koryŏ Dynasty, royal rescripts were drafted at the office of Wŏnbongsung, but later the Sung Chinese institutions of the han lin hsüeh shih and the chih chih kao were introduced in the form hanlim haksa and chijego. The Sung han lin hsüeh shih was an important post from which to rise to those of a prime minister (tsai hsiang) or a cabinet minister (chih sheng), while the chih chih kao was a post one filled before becoming a han lin hsüeh shih. It was not much different with the Koryŏ hanlim haksa and jijego. The Koryŏ Hanlimwŏn Academy had a pansa whose post was concurrently held by the prime minister, a feature that is not found in the Sung Han-lin-yüan Academy. In addition to the hanlim haksa, the Koryŏ Hanlimwŏn had the posts of hanlim sitok haksa and hanlim sigang haksa, which corresponded to the Sung han lin shih tu hsüeh shih, and han lin shih chiang hsüeh shih that belonged, not to the Han-lin-yüan, but to the Pi-ko. The Hanlimwŏn also had the chikhanlimwŏn, corresponding to the Sung chih hsüeh shih yüan, but his rank was considerably lower. In the Sung almost all men on the staff at the Han-lin-yüan had started their career as chin shih; in the early Koryŏ, too, there were more and more former chinsa at the Hanlimwŏn. Usually the chinsa who had passed the examinations at the head of his class was immediately appointed chikhanlimwŏn; then he would rise through the posts of jijego, hanlim sitok haksa, hanlim sigang haksa, hanlim haksa, and, finally, became a prime minister.The Sung chih chih kao belonged to the She-jen-yüan. The Koryŏ jijego were of two kinds, nae jijego and oe jijego; the former posts were mostly filled by the staff of the Hanlimwŏn, while the latter by other officials. The oe jijego appears to have belonged to the Kowŏn.The Sung han lin hsüeh shih was employed by the emperor in drafting imperial rescripts and orations at palace sacrifices, a duty that was referred to as “nai chih”. The chih chih kao drafted other documents at the orders of the Chung-shu-sheng, which was known as “wai chih”. It was not the same in the Koryŏ, where the royal rescripts and sacrificial orations corresponding to the Sung nei chih were not necessarily drafted by the hanlim haksa, with the jijego frequently serving in his stead. In the Koryŏ, diplomatic correspondences addressed to the rulers of the Sung, the Liao and the Chin were of vital importance. Those documents, known as pyo, were usually drafted by the hanlim haksa, but at times it was also done by the jijego.journal articl
Achieving high-efficiency non-doped blue organic light-emitting diodes: charge-balance control of bipolar blue fluorescent materials with reduced hole-mobility
No full textTwo new earthworm species of the genus Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from southwestern Taiwan
No full textShen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han, Chih, Wen-Jay (2018): Two new earthworm species of the genus Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from southwestern Taiwan. Zootaxa 4496 (1): 302-312, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.2
Cold Mountain poems Zen poems of Han Shan, Shih Te, and Wang Fan-Chih
No full textThe incomparable poetry of Han Shan (Cold Mountain), Shih Te, and Wang Fan-chih--rebel poets who became icons of Chinese poetry and Zen--by a premier translato
Metaphire matsuensis Shen & Chang & Chih 2013, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Metaphire matsuensis</i> Shen, sp. nov. <p>(Figure 7)</p> <i>Type material</i> <p> <i>Holotype.</i> Clitellate (mature) specimen (84 mm in length, dissected) collected 28 June 2012 beside the Yanhsiu Fort (elevation 19 m), Dongyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (TESRI-O-H-42) (voucher number: MTS 135).</p> <p> (<i>Continued</i>)</p> <p> <i>Paratypes.</i> Ten clitellates [one dissected (voucher number: MTS 71)] collected 31 May 2012 at Matsu Temple (elevation 67 m), Magang, Nangan by H.P. Chen and T. L. Ai (TESRI-O-P-37).</p> <i>Other material</i> <p>Two clitellates collected 28 May 2012 along the Central Boulevard near the borders of Changshou and Chingshui villages (elevation 121 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–33) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 7); six clitellates collected 28 May 2012 at Ten Martyrs Monument (elevation 90 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–34); one clitellate collected 28 May 2012 at Shangyaoshan bus stop (elevation 99 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–35); two clitellates collected 28 May 2012 beside Beihai Tunnel (elevation 21 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–36); four clitellates collected 29 May 2012 in front of Banli Reservoir (elevation 33 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–38) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 20); two clitellates collected 29 May 2012 from a roadside ditch at Chinbi Village (elevation 11 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–39); 14 clitellates collected 29 May 2012 along Luoshan Nature Trail (elevation 66 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–41) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 35); 13 clitellates collected 29 May 2012 at Junghsin Reservoir (elevation 54 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–42) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 37); one clitellate collected 29 May 2012 in front of Matsu Broadcasting Station (elevation 205 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–43); six clitellates collected 31 May 2012 from a roadside ditch near the weather station (elevation 48 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–54); 12 clitellates collected 31 May 2012 along the road facing Huangguan Channel (elevation 48 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–56) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 77); three clitellates collected 31 May 2012 in front of Tunnel 88 (elevation 62 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–57); eight clitellates collected 25 June 2012 from roadside ditches (elevation 39 m), Hanlinjiao, Nangan by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–58) (voucher numbers of specimens used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 81, 82, 83); four clitellates collected 25 June 2012 at Stronghold No. 12 (elevation 59 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–60); six clitellates collected 26 June 2012 from Mount Nigu (elevation 59 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–64) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 110); one clitellate collected 27 June 2012 above the tidal zone (elevation 8 m) near Dapu Stone Inscription, Dongju by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–68); two clitellates collected 28 June 2012 at Stronghold No. 33 (elevation 61 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–72); five clitellates collected 28 June 2012 from Chingshuiao (elevation 15 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–74); seven clitellates collected 28 June 2012 near Northernmost Frontier (elevation 79 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–75) (voucher numbers of specimens used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 129, 130); five clitellates collected 28 June 2012 from a roadside ditch near Stronghold No. 26 (elevation 19 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–76); three clitellates collected 28 June 2012 in front of Beihai Tunnel (elevation 24 m), Dongyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–77) (voucher numbers: MTS 131, 132, 133); three clitellates collected 28 June 2012 beside the Yanhsiu Fort (elevation 19 m), Dongyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–78) (voucher numbers of specimens used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 134, 136); one clitellate collected 28 August 2012 from a roadside ditch in Nioubei Ridge (elevation 138 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and H.H. Huang (coll. no. 2012–116).</p> <i>Diagnosis</i> <p>Small to medium; length (clitellates) 58–135 mm. Segments numbering 95–100. Setae 50–68 in VII, 53–74 in XX, 11–18 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Spermathecal pores dorsolateral, three pairs in 5/6–7/8, 0.34–0.37 body circumference dorsally apart. Male pores 0.28–0.38 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each pore surrounded by 0–10 small papillae on top of a cone-shaped everted copulatory chamber, the secondary aperture of each copulatory chamber as a longitudinal slit when the chamber invaginated, wrinkled around its margin. Spermathecae three pairs in VI–VIII. Seminal vesicles large, two pairs in XI and XII. Prostate glands large in XVI–XXI or XVII–XXI, wrinkled and lobed. Prostatic duct stout, U-shaped in XVIII. Accessory glands stalked, mushroom-like or irregularshaped, corresponding to external genital papillae.</p> <i>Description</i> <p> <i>External characters.</i> Total length (clitellates) 58–135 mm. Weight 0.26–2.26 g. Segments numbering 95–100. Clitellum XIV–XVI, setae and dorsal pores absent, length 3.14–6.31 mm and width 2.52–5.73 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Setae minute, number 50–68 in VII, 53–74 in XX, and 11–18 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Spermathecal pores lip-like, dorsolateral, three pairs in intersegmental furrows of 5/6–7/8 (Figure 7A), distance between paired pores 0.34–0.37 body circumference dorsally apart. Each pore surrounded by two tiny papillae: one anterior and the other posterior. Occasionally one or two papillae medial to each pore (Figure 7A). Genital papillae absent, one to three median, or one to three lateral on both left and right sides in presetal VIII (Figure 7B). Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV.</p> <p>Male pores paired in XVIII, 0.28–0.38 body circumference ventrally apart. In the case of protrusion, each pore surrounded by 0–10 small papillae on top of a coneshaped everted copulatory chamber (Figure 7C). The secondary aperture of each copulatory chamber as a longitudinal slit when the chamber invaginated, wrinkled around its margin (Figure 7D). The whole male area surrounded by several concentric skin folds.</p> <p>Preserved specimens brown to greyish brown in colour with brown clitellum.</p> <p> <i>Internal characters.</i> Septa 5/6–7/8 and 10/11–13/14 thick, 8/9 membranous, 9/10 absent. Nephridial tufts on anterior faces of 5/6/7. Gizzard large in VIII–X. Intestine enlarged from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIV–XXV, each simple, wrinkled, distal end either straight or bent. Oesophageal hearts in X–XIII.</p> <p>Spermathecae three pairs in VI–VIII, each with a peach-shaped or elongated ovalshaped ampulla 1.79–3.07 mm long and 1.2–3.06 mm wide, and a stout spermathecal stalk 0.63–1.0 mm in length. Diverticulum slender and straight at proximal part, coiled and enlarged at distal part (Figure 7E). Accessory glands stalked, mushroomlike, each corresponding to external genital papilla, about 1.0 mm in total length.</p> <p>Holandry: testes large, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Seminal vesicles large, finely folliculated, two pairs in XI and XII, occupying the full compartment, usually anterior pair larger, without a dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large in XVI–XXI or XVII–XXI, wrinkled and lobed. Prostatic duct stout, U-shaped in XVIII. Accessory glands stalked, mushroom-like or irregular-shaped, 0.46–1.08 mm in total length, corresponding to external genital papillae (Figure 7F).</p> <i>DNA barcodes</i> <p>GenBank accession numbers KC897033 (MTS 135, holotype), KC897038 (MTS 71, dissected paratype), KC897029, KC897030, KC897025, KC897039, KC897028, KC897031, KC897027, KC897037, KC897032, KC897040, KC897041, KC897034, KC897026, KC897024, KC897036 and KC897035 (MTS 7, 20, 35, 37, 77, 81, 82, 83, 110, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134 and 136, respectively).</p> <i>Etymology</i> <p> The name <i>matsuensis</i> is given to this species with reference to its type locality of the islands of Matsu.</p> <i>Remarks</i> <p> <i>Metaphire matsuensis</i> sp. nov. is common on the islands of Nangan, Beigan, Dongyin and Hsiyin. However, only one specimen was collected on Dongju and none was found on Hsiju. It is easily distinguishable from all other <i>Metaphire</i> species with three pairs of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows of 5/6–7/8 listed in Sims and Easton (1972) simply by the male pore structure. Instead, its male pore structure is morphologically fairly similar to <i>Metaphire guillelmi</i> (Michaelsen, 1895) from Hupei, China and <i>Metaphire bifoliolare</i> Tan and Zhong, 1987 from Hunan, China. <i>Metaphire guillelmi</i> is a sexthecate earthworm with three pairs of ventrolateral spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows of 6/7–8/9 (Michaelsen 1895). The structure of its spermatheca is morphologically fairly similar to <i>M. matsuensis</i>. <i>Metaphire bifoliolare</i> is also sexthecate with three pairs of intrasegmental spermathecal pores in posterior V–VII (Tan and Zhong 1987). It has slender, straight diverticulum with a sausage-shaped seminal chamber, which is different from the coiled diverticulum of <i>M. matsuensis</i>. In addition, the internal and external morphological characters of <i>M. matsuensis</i> are also similar to the sexthecate <i>Metaphire thecodorsata</i> (Chen, 1933) from Jiangxi, China, but the spermathecal pores of the latter are large transverse slits close to the dorsomedian line in posterior V–VII (Chen 1933). All the above three species, <i>M. guillelmi</i>, <i>M. bifoliolare</i> and <i>M. thecodorsata</i>, are distributed along the lower Yangtze Valley, central China.</p> <p> The male pore structure of <i>M. matsuensis</i> is also similar to that of <i>Metaphire soulensis</i> (Kobayashi, 1938) from Korea. However, <i>M. soulensis</i> is quadrithecate with two pairs of ventrolateral spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows of 6/7/8. The characteristics of complex caeca consisting of five or six finger-shaped processes, absence of prostate glands and prostatic ducts, and vestigial spermathecae without diverticulum of <i>M. soulensis</i> (Kobayashi 1938a) are distinctly different from those of <i>M. matsuensis.</i></p>Published as part of <i>Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han & Chih, Wen-Jay, 2013, Five new earthworm species of the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Matsu, Taiwan, pp. 495-522 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (9 - 10)</i> on pages 514-520, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.826742, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5199325">http://zenodo.org/record/5199325</a>
Two new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from central Taiwan, with comments on some recent species assignments in Amynthas and Metaphire
No full textShen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han, Chih, Wen-Jay (2019): Two new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from central Taiwan, with comments on some recent species assignments in Amynthas and Metaphire. Zootaxa 4658 (1): 101-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.1.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Person–Organization Fit, Person–Job Fit, and Contextual Performance: The Mediating Role of Psychological Ownership
No full textIn this study we present new insights into the relationships surrounding employees’ feelings of psychological ownership (PO) at work and the resulting effects on contextual performance. Characterized by a feeling of possession, PO has been theorized to have positive influences on the attitudes and behaviors of employees. To explore PO’s effects, we conducted a three-stage questionnaire survey of employees and their supervisors at a multinational pharmaceutical company in Taiwan. To help attenuate the errors associated with common method variance that trouble most studies using simultaneous data, a longitudinal approach was taken to investigate the relationships between person–organization fit, person–job fit, and PO. During the first stage of data collection, 330 questionnaires were sent to employees, and 168 (51%) valid questionnaires were returned. During the second stage, questionnaires were sent to the 168 employees who had responded to the first-stage survey. There were 134 (80%) valid questionnaires returned. Finally, during the third stage, questionnaires were sent to the supervisors of all 134 employees who had responded to the second-stage survey. There were 88 (66%) valid questionnaires returned. Findings reveal that person–job fit was significantly related to PO, and PO was significantly related to contextual performance. However, contrary to predictions, person–organization fit was positively, but not significantly, related to PO. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for both academics and practitioners and make suggestions for future research
Some Remarks on Wang Fan-chih, Part I
No full textThe first apraisal of several T'ang manuscripts entitled "Poems by Wang Fan-chih, " discovered in the Tun-huang cave at the beginning of this century, was given by the author of The History of Chinese Vernacular Literature, Dr. Hu Shih, in 1928. To the four fragments which Hu dealt with, the author of this article can add eight more, though he is not able to avail himself of all of them. A paragraph from the Yün-ch'i-yu-i 雲溪友議, which has been neglected by Hu, also is to be quoted as a biographical entry. It says a ninth century monk, Hsüan-lang 玄朗, often cited Wang's poems in his evangelism. When we examine these newer materials in detail, new questions are inevitable. Is Fan-chih a proper noun? Is his "biography" nothing more than a crude imitation of the myths often written about clever men? In sum, was there really a monk named Wang Fan-chih? Questions will be solved in Part II, relating Wang Fan-chih's poems with "The Poems by Han-shan, " which are said to belong to the same category
A Study on the Origin and Crystallization of Shih-yen-chih
No full textSince Shih-hsiang Chen proposed the evolution of the source of \ue2Shih-yen-chih\ue2, followed by the lyrical tradition that covered Chinese poetics, the subject of \ue2Shih-yen-chih\ue2, has always been the topic by many scholars. There are many different opinions about its\ue2 origin and development, and the important politics and religion values of \ue2Yen Chih\ue2 has also been in Confucian Poetic Teaching. This study attempts to clarify how \ue2Shih-yen-chih\ue2 exerts a strong influence in the lyrical tradition and to sort out the origin and crystallization. Untill the present time, Shih-yen-chih is still a charming topic among the scholar circle.
The author would like to examine three issues of \ue2Shih-yen-chih\ue2 in this thesis. Firstly, \ue2Chih\ue2 is originally a voice of sympathetic literature. Secondly, the meaning of \ue2Chih\ue2 is deepened when presented in different poetic forms. Thirdly, the meaning of poetry is widened when people's inner feelings or aspirations are expressed. Hence, it\ue2s fully clear that \ue2Poems Endowed With Feeling\ue2 is originated from \ue2Shih-yen-chih\ue2 until the end of the Poetry in the Han Dynasty
FIGURE 6. Drawida koreana Kobayashi, 1938 in Earthworms from Matsu, Taiwan with descriptions of new species of the genera Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) and Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae)
No full textFIGURE 6. Drawida koreana Kobayashi, 1938; specimen MTS 45. A. Ventral view of spermathecal and male pore region (gp, genital papilla; sp, spermathecal pore; mp, male porophore). B. Dorsal view of left spermatheca (amp, ampulla; sa, spermathecal atrium), right testis sac (ts), sperm duct (sd), male atrium (ma), and accessory gland (ag). Scale bars = 1 mm.Published as part of Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han & Chih, Wen-Jay, 2015, Earthworms from Matsu, Taiwan with descriptions of new species of the genera Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) and Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae), pp. 425-450 in Zootaxa 3973 (3) on page 438, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3973.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/23228
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