93,847 research outputs found
The political role of the people's liberation army 1949-1973
No full textThis thesis is to study the political role of the People's Liberation Army from the approach of structure and function. The framework of the thesis consists of three major parts, first, the influence of Chinese traditional political culture on, and the formation of, the political role of the PL A; second, the influence of domestic political struggles and external military conflicts on the development of the political role of the PLA; and the third, the analysis of the transition of the PLA's political role from the structure and personnel arrangements of the CCPCC Within the above-mentioned three scopes, this thesis make a thorough discussion on the following: (1) The relationship between the structure of the PRC and the formation of the PLA's political role; (2) How has ideology influenced the army's political role; (3) What is Mao's viewpoint and his influence on the development of the army's political role; (4) What is the link between the army and the party, and how has this developed; (6) What accounts for the expansion of the PLA's political functions; (7) What is the influence of political factional struggles on the PLA's political role; (8) Is it political institution or military institution that controls the recruitment of the military elite; (9) What are the disparities between the military elite in handling international conflicts and what are their political considerations; (10) What is the Party's position in the army; (11) How have the Party’s important meetings and personnel arrangements influenced the rise and fall of the PLA's political role
Fahrlässigkeitsstrafbarkeit im deutschen und taiwanischen Strafrecht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Konzepts der „Leichtfertigkeit“ und dessen gesetzgeberischer Nutzen für das taiwanische StGB
No full textEs besteht seit Langem die Absicht, das Merkmal „Leichtfertigkeit” ins taiwanische Strafgesetzbuch (tStGB) aufzunehmen. Der Strafrahmen zwischen vorsätzlichem Totschlag und fahrlässiger Tötung im tStGB führt zu einer unzureichenden Bestrafung schwerwiegender Fälle von Fahrlässigkeit und ruft öffentliche Kritik hervor, insbesondere nach tragischen Vorfällen wie dem Taroko-Eisenbahnunfall. Diese Arbeit zielt darauf ab, die bestehenden rechtlichen Lücken zu identifizieren und Vorschläge zur Verbesserung der gesetzlichen Regelungen zu unterbreiten. Nach einer Sichtung der deutschen Literatur zum Thema Leichtfertigkeit, um das Konzept der Leichtfertigkeit zu definieren, wird in diesem Beitrag analysiert, welche strukturellen Elemente eines Fahrlässigkeitsdelikts für die Abgrenzung der Leichtfertigkeit von einem Fahrlässigkeitsdelikt herangezogen werden können. Diese Analyse kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass nur die Verletzung der Sorgfaltspflicht und die Vorhersehbarkeit handhabbare Kriterien sind, um die Intensität des Handlungsunwerts zwischen Fahrlässigkeit und Leichtfertigkeit zu unterscheiden. Aufbauend auf diesem Ergebnis legt die Arbeit die Gründe für die Einführung der Leichtfertigkeit ins StGB dar und weist mögliche Kritik an der Einführung dieses Merkmals zurück. Schließlich werden verschiedene Entwürfe vorgestellt, von denen einer sich mit dem Delikt „leichtfertige Tötung” auseinandersetzt.
Chih-Yu Lin verfügt über zehn Jahre Erfahrung als Staatsanwältin in Taiwan. In dieser Zeit hat sie eine Kurzzeitforschung an der LMU durchgeführt und später im taiwanischen Justizministerium gearbeitet, wo sie für die Reform des Strafrechts zuständig war. Während dieser Tätigkeit begegnete sie oft Diskussionen über Leichtfertigkeit, was ihr Interesse an einer eingehenderen Forschung in Deutschland weckte.The concept of 'recklessness' has long been under discussion for inclusion in the Taiwanese Criminal Code (tStGB). The range of penalties for intentional manslaughter and negligent homicide under the tStGB results in inadequate sentencing for serious cases of negligence, which has led to public criticism, particularly following tragic incidents such as the Taroko train accident. This work aims to identify existing legal gaps and suggest improvements to the legal regulations.
After reviewing German literature on recklessness to define the concept, this study analyses which structural elements of a negligence offence can distinguish recklessness from negligence. The analysis concludes that the violation of the duty of care and foreseeability are the only manageable criteria for distinguishing the intensity of culpability between negligence and recklessness. Based on this finding, the paper sets out the reasons for introducing recklessness into the Criminal Code and counters possible objections to this. Finally, various drafts are presented, one of which deals with the offence of 'reckless homicide'.
Chih-Yu Lin has over ten years' experience working as a public prosecutor in Taiwan. During this time, she undertook short-term research at the University of Munich, after which she worked at the Taiwanese Ministry of Justice, where she was responsible for criminal law reform. It was during this time that she encountered frequent discussions about recklessness, which sparked her interest in conducting more in-depth research in Germany
Berberis pengii C. C. Yu & K. F. Chung. A. Fruiting 2014, sp. nov.
No full text8. Berberis pengii C.C.Yu & K.F.Chung, sp. nov. (Figs. 7E–H, 13). Type:— TAIWAN. Pingtung: Taiwu, Kuaiku Lodge, 22°36’48”N, 120°44’39”E, 2150 m, 18 April 2011, Chih-Chieh Yu 683 (holotype TAI -284283!). Diagnosis: Berberis pengii is similar to B. aristatoserrulata, B. chingshuiensis, and B. mingetsensis in its leaf shape, differing from the latters by its narrow-triangular or triangular-oblong outer sepals and from the former by its globose berries. Evergreen shrub or small tree-like shrub, 1.5–4 m tall. Mature stems yellowish-brown, not verruculose. Spines 3-fid, concolorous, 0.8–1.8 cm. Leaves subsessile or sometimes with short petioles ca. 2–5 mm; leaf blade elliptic or narrowlyelliptic, abaxially pale green sometimes pruinose, adaxially shiny green; 4.4–8.9 × 1.4–2.6 cm, leathery; midvein abaxially raised and adaxially impressed, lateral veins slightly raised, the secondary veins pinnate, jointly looped and multi-festooned, the tertiary veins weakly reticulated; base cuniform, margins densely spinose with spinules of 13–27 with 1.5–3.5 mm apart on each side, apex acute or attenuate. Inflorescence a fascicle, 4–7-flowered. Bracts absent. Pedicel pale green, 0.4–1.6 cm. Bracteoles absent. Flowers yellow. Sepals in 3 whorls, outer sepals with midveins slightly raised yellow or reddish tinge narrowly-triangular or triangularly-oblong 5 × 1 mm, middle sepals yellow or reddish tinge ovate 7.5 × 2.5 mm, inner sepal yellow obovate 8 × 4 mm. Petals elliptic, 7 × 4 mm, base clawed with a pair of narrowly-ovoid nectaries very close to each other, apex acutely emarginated with margins slightly ragged. Stamens bright yellow ca. 5 mm, anther connective of stamen distinct, apex truncate. Pistil 5.5 mm long, usually red. Ovules 6 or 8. Berries black, globose or sub-globose ca. 10 × 10 mm, more or less pruinose, estylose. Phenology: — Flowering April–May; Fruiting April–June, October, November. Distribution & habitat: — Berberis pengii is large understory shrubs of 1–2 m tall commonly found in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests in the southern Central Mountain Range at 2100 to 2500 m (Fig. 6B). Etymology:—The specific epithet is named in honor of Dr. Ching-I Peng, mentor and collaborator of the senior author, for his continuous guidance, supports, and friendship, and for his great contribution to the studies of Asian Flora. Chinese name: NJfi灣小ª Proposed IUCN conservation status: —Nearly Threatened. Berberis pengii is endemic to south Taiwan and its natural range is mostly within the range of national preservation areas. Therefore we propose a provisional IUCN category of NT for the species (IUCN 2012). Additional specimen examined: — TAIWAN. Kaohsiung: Dagueii Lake, 2150 m, 11 February 2009, Yu 338 (TAI), near the Blue Ghost Lake, 2400 m, 10 February 2009, Yu 339 (TAI), Juniper Camping Site, 2250 m, 12 February 2009, Yu 378 (TAI), the “Big Field” near Dagueii Lake, 2250 m, 10 February 2009, Yu 379 (TAI); near Camp Yukuting, 2400 m, 12 February 2009, Yu 355, 358 (TAI); Dona Logging Trail, 2100 m, 12 February 2009, Yu 347 (TAI). Pingtung: Peitawushan, 3000 m, 6 June 1988, Huang 13670 (TAI), 2400–2600 m, 30 November 1997, Liu 146 (TNM), 2500– 2900 m, 24 April 2008, Wu 165 (TNM); en route from the first Lodge to Chih-pen-chu-shan, 1900 m, 10 March 1990, Lin 408 (HAST); Pa-yu lake to Lakalakashan, 14 February 1993, Yang 30239 (HAST, PE); Kuaiku Lodge, 2250–2900 m, 2 April 1994, Chen 595 (HAST, TNM), 1600–2150 m, 9 October 2006, Wang 9342 (TNM), 2150 m, 18 April 2011, Yu 683 (TAI); Tamaru Camping Site, near Damumushan, 2200 m, 21 May 2009, Yu 325 (TAI); behind Nantawushan, 2500 m, 2 May 2009, Yu 330 (TAI); Linpalapalashan, 2300 m, 22 May 2009, Yu 377 (TAI). Taitong: near Shishuitoushan, 2300 m, 11 February 2009, Yu 341 (TAI).Published as part of Yu, Chih-Chieh & Chung, Kuo-Fang, 2014, Systematics of Berberis sect. Wallichianae (Berberidaceae) of Taiwan and Luzon with description of three new species, B. schaaliae, B. ravenii, and B. pengii, pp. 61-99 in Phytotaxa 184 (2) on pages 85-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.184.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/514650
Chih-i and Madhyamika
No full textIn this thesis a systematic comparative study is made between Chih-i's thought and the Madhyamika. The study is a response to a basic problem that can be formulated as follows. Indian Madhyamika influenced the development of Chinese Buddhism amply and deeply. Chih-i, the founder of the Chinese T'ien-t'ai school, had a close relationship with the Madhyamika tradition textually and theoretically. However, in his classification of the Buddhist doctrines, he regarded the Madhyamika as "Common Doctrine" and theoretically lower than his "Perfect Doctrine". Here, then, are our questions: 1. Why is Chih-i not satisfied with Madhyamika thought? 2. Why does he advocate the Perfect Doctrine? Our study shows that these questions are mainly concerned with the understanding of Truth and its realization. For Chih-i, the Madhyamika Truth (termed Emptiness or the Middle Way) lacked permanence, function and all-embracing nature; the Truth explicated in the Perfect Doctrine (termed the Middle Way - Buddha Nature) is permanent, functional and all-embracing. With regard to the realization of the Truth, Chih-i mainly points out that in the Madhyamika, the Truth is attained in the extirpation of defilements, while in the Perfect Doctrine, the Truth can be attained in making use of defilements. Chih-i obviously advocates that Truth should be permanent, functional and all-embracing, and that it is better to realize Truth in the midst of defilements than by eliminating them. It is hoped that the study of these questions will enhance our understanding of Chih-i's thought in light of its relation to the Madhyarnika as well as our understanding of the essence of the Madhyamika as viewed by Chih-i. We shall consequently be able to see how a Chinese thinker absorbed Indian Buddhist doctrines, developed them, and eventually built up a great Buddhist school in a distinct, Chinese style.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD
Berberis ravenii C. C. Yu & K. F. Chung. A. Flowering 2014, sp. nov.
No full text9. Berberis ravenii C.C.Yu & K.F.Chung, sp. nov. (Figs. 14, 15). Type:— TAIWAN. Kaohsiung: Maolin, Shuangguie Lake Major Wild Life Habitat, Lake Upunuhu (Wan-shan-shen Lake), 22°54’53”N, 120°49’41”E, 2150 m, 7 February 2009, Chih-Chieh Yu 267 (holotype TAI-284282!). Diagnosis: Berberis ravenii differs from all Taiwanese species of sect. Wallichianae in having purplish or red mature shoots of the first year, and lanceolate to narrowly-lanceolate leaves. It is similar to B. mingetsensis, differing from the latter by its sparsely spinose margin of leaves with 17–28 spinules, and between each is 2–3 mm apart (v.s. leaf margins remotely spinose, with 6–16 spinules of 3–9 mm apart). Small evergreen shrub, more or less decumbent, 0.5–1 m tall. Mature stems purplish red, terete, not verruculose. Spines 3-fid, concolorous, 0.8–2.3 cm. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, abaxially green or dark green not pruinose, adaxially green or dark-greenish; 5.5–9.5 × 1.2–2.0 cm, slightly leathery; midvein abaxially raised and adaxially impressed, lateral veins slightly raised, the secondary veins pinnate, jointly looped and muliti-festooned, the tertiary veins reticulate; base cuneate, margins sometimes slightly revolute and remotely spinose with spinules of 16–28 with 2–3 mm apart on each side, apex acuminate or mucronate. Inflorescence a fascicle, 4–7-flowered. Bracts absent. Pedicel pale green, 1.3–1.5 cm. Bracteoles absent or 2, pale yellow or greenish-yellow triangular 1 × 1 mm. Flowers pale yellow, greenish-yellow. Sepals in 3 whorls, outer sepals yellow or reddish tinge or pale green ovate 2.5 × 2 mm, middle sepals yellow ovate 4 × 2.5 mm, inner sepals yellow obovate 5 × 4.5 mm. Petals obovate, 4.5 × 3 mm, base clawed with a pair of ovoid nectaries close to each other, apex incised. Stamens pale yellow ca. 3 mm, anther connective of stamen distinct, apex truncate. Pistil 4 mm long. Ovules 2 or 3. Berries black, ellipsoid ca. 7 × 4 mm, not pruinose, estylose. Phenology: — Flowering April; Fruiting February. Distribution & habitat: — Berberis ravenii occurs in the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests of Shuanggui Lake Major Wildlife Habitat of southern Central Mountain Range at 1400 to 2300 m (Fig. 6A & 6D). Etymology:—The specific epithet commemorates Dr. Peter H. Raven, mentor of the senior author, for his enduring support, guidance, and encouragement, and for his tremendous contribution to botanical research and the conservation of global biodiversity. Chinese name: ⁂武小ª Proposed IUCN conservation status: —Data Deficient (DD). Berberis ravenii is currently known only from the mid-elevation cloud forests in Shuanggui Lake Major Wildlife Habitat and its precise distributional range remains to be explored (IUCN 2012). Additional specimen examined:— TAIWAN. Kaohsiung: Chunyunshan, 700 m, 7 March 1996, Liou 5 ( TAIF); mountains near Lake Dalubaling, 2150 m, 8 February 2009, Yu 265, 277, 279 (TAI); Peak 2080 near Lake Upunuhu, 2080 m, 6 February 2009, Yu 271 (TAI); Shihsueitoushan Front Peak, 2200 m, 7 February 2009, Yu 282 (TAI); Lake Upunuhu, 2150 m, 7 February 2009, Yu 287, 293 (TAI); Damumushan, 2400 m, 21 May 2009, Yu 322, 323 (TAI). Pingtong: Chutunshan Japanese Subpolice Office, 12 August 1937, Ito 516 (TAI); Kuaiku, 23 January 1988, Kuoh 13554 (TNM); en route to Tawushan, 2100-3090 m, 16-17 July 1988, Huang et al. 13678 (TAI); Linpalapalashan, 2300 m, Apr. 2008, Yu 127, 130, 132, 134, 327 (TAI); Wantoulanshan, 1900 m, 6 February 2009, Yu 289 (TAI); Paiwanese historical trail (south line), 1400 m, 27 December 2009, Yu 269, 270, 272, 276, 362 (TAI); Southern flank Wutoushan, 2000 m, 28 December 2009, Yu 380 (TAI); trail to North peak of Tawushan, 2305 m, 29 December 2009, Yu 278, 294, 299 (TAI); near South peak of Tawushan, 2200 m, 2 May 2009, Yu 329 (TAI).Published as part of Yu, Chih-Chieh & Chung, Kuo-Fang, 2014, Systematics of Berberis sect. Wallichianae (Berberidaceae) of Taiwan and Luzon with description of three new species, B. schaaliae, B. ravenii, and B. pengii, pp. 61-99 in Phytotaxa 184 (2) on page 88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.184.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/514650
Rethinking Import-substituting Industrialization: Development Strategies and Institutions in Taiwan and China
No full textimport-substituting industrialization, export-oriented industrialization, development strategies, institutions
Chih-k'o and Sung Clique strifes
No full textIn the chih-k'o or government service examination under Sung, which was held in the 3rd year of Hsi-ning (1070 A.D.), K'ung Wen-chung, who belonged to the opposition clique, severely criticised Wang An-shih's policy. Thereupon, Wang An-shih advised Emperor Shen-tsung to reject K'ung Wen-chung as well as to abolish the chih-k'o itself. Meanwhile, Wang An-shih resigned as Prime Minister, and Lu Hui-ch'ing, one of his faithful followers, was appointed to succeed him. In spite of strong protest on the part of the opposition clique Lu was successful to abolish the chih-k'o system in 1074, A.D. When Emperor Cheh-tsung acceded to the throne in 1086, the Yuan-yu clique defeated the Hsi-ning clique, and the chih-k'o system was restored in the following year. Seven years later, when Emperor Cheh-tsung began to favour the Chih-ning clique, he agreed to abolish the chih-k'o system again in response to the request of Chang Tun. As seen in the above, the vicissitudes of the chih-k'o system are closely related with those of the political cliques
Homonuclear dirhenium complex bridged by CO2: Molecular structure of a rhenium dimer bridged by CO2 and a rhenium chloride complex
No full textSome Remarks on Wang Fan-chih, Part I
No full textThe first apraisal of several T'ang manuscripts entitled "Poems by Wang Fan-chih, " discovered in the Tun-huang cave at the beginning of this century, was given by the author of The History of Chinese Vernacular Literature, Dr. Hu Shih, in 1928. To the four fragments which Hu dealt with, the author of this article can add eight more, though he is not able to avail himself of all of them. A paragraph from the Yün-ch'i-yu-i 雲溪友議, which has been neglected by Hu, also is to be quoted as a biographical entry. It says a ninth century monk, Hsüan-lang 玄朗, often cited Wang's poems in his evangelism. When we examine these newer materials in detail, new questions are inevitable. Is Fan-chih a proper noun? Is his "biography" nothing more than a crude imitation of the myths often written about clever men? In sum, was there really a monk named Wang Fan-chih? Questions will be solved in Part II, relating Wang Fan-chih's poems with "The Poems by Han-shan, " which are said to belong to the same category
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