2,475 research outputs found
Injection of saline solutions to improve the electro-osmotic pressure and consolidate foundation soil
No full textFunctional cooperation between FACT and the MCM helicase complex facilitates chromatin DNA replication.
No full text(10(2):1-6)稻之遺傳因子分析 第二報 稻苗對稻熱病抵抗性之遺傳
No full textSix resistant, six intermediate and seven susceptible varieties of rice from Taiwan, Japan and the U. S. A. were intercrossd, and were planted in a glass-house where humidity and temperature were controlled. Artificial inoculation of blast pathogen on the seedlings of rice was made and the infected leaves were exammined with regard to the type of disease lesions.
It was found that crosses between resistant and susceptible strains, in F2, segrega-ted into 3 resistant and 1 susceptible plants in majority of crosses, showing resistance to be controlled by a single dominant gene. In F2s of some other crosses showed a 9:7 and 9:3:4 ratios indicating at least two genes are concerned with regard to blast resistance. The physiological races of pathogenes in relation to effect on the segrega-tion ratio were discussed.
就來自臺灣，日本及美國稻品種20種互交，並將其 F2 及雙親，同時種在能調節溫度及濕度之玻璃室內。二星期後將經人工培養的稻熱病菌（Pirichularia Oryzae）接種於稻苗上，病發後調查病葉的病斑型。
大部分的抗病×感病之雜交組合，在F2。分離為3抗病1感病之比率，表示抗病受一對顯性遺傳因子支配。其他雜交組合則表示9:7及9:3:4之分離比，表示抗葉稻熱病至少受兩對顯性遺傳因子支配。稻熱病菌生理型對分離比之影響，亦曾加以討論
Natural Variation of the Circadian Clock in Neurospora
No full textMost living organisms on earth experience daily and expected changes from the rotation of the earth. For an organism, the ability to predict and prepare for incoming stresses or resources is a very important skill for survival. This cellular process of measuring daily time of the day is collectively called the circadian clock. Because of its fundamental role in survival in nature, there is a great interest in studying the natural variation of the circadian clock. However, characterizing the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying natural variation of circadian clocks remains a challenging task. In this chapter, we will summarize the progress in studying natural variation of the circadian clock in the successful eukaryotic model Neurospora, which led to discovering many design principles of the molecular mechanisms of the eukaryotic circadian clock. Despite the success of the system in revealing the molecular mechanisms of the circadian clock, Neurospora has not been utilized to extensively study natural variation. We will review the challenges that hindered the natural variation studies in Neurospora, and how they were overcome. We will also review the advantages of Neurospora for natural variation studies. Since Neurospora is the model fungal species for circadian study, it represents over 5 million species of fungi on earth. These fungi play important roles in ecosystems on earth, and as such Neurospora could serve as an important model for understanding the ecological role of natural variation in fungal circadian clocks.Advances in Genetics, Vol. 99
(7(2):1-5)EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF BLAST DISEASE AND ITS CONTROL (1) Experiment Results on Rice Nursery
No full text為明瞭稻作施用三要素方法對于稻苗稻熱病發生以及其藥劑防治效果而舉行此試驗：
茲將其主要結果列舉如後：
(一) 當秧田施肥時，維持三要素之適當比率者，則可減輕稻苗稻熱病之發生，同時亦可增加稻熱病藥劑防治之效果。
(二) 對于稻熱病之發生，氮之影響最為顯著，即示正比例之傾向，而燐之影響不顯著，鉀則稍有抑制稱熱病發生之效果。
(三) 無論何種施肥情形下，稻熱病藥劑作為預防者，都較作為治療之效果為佳。
This expriment was carried out to obtain the relation between the application of fertilizers and the occurrence of rice blast or the effects of fungicidal control.
Some essential results are summarized as follows:
(1) The different level of three essential elements of fertilizers in suitable ratio could reduce the disease incidance and increase the fungicidal effects when they were applied to the rice nursery.
(2) The occurrence of blast disease were most pronounced with a increase in nitrogen level. Phosphorus did not show prominent influence upon the disease development, whereas potassium tended slightly to increase the seedlings resistant to blast infection. (3) Under any different level of elements applied, the dusting with Ceresan-ljme for the protection is better than eradication purpose
SCREENING TEST OF EFFECTIVE FUNGICIDES AGAINST PELLICULARIA SASAKII WTTH THE KOZAKA’S BROADBEAN METHOD
No full text本試驗為檢定Asozin可濕性粉劑，Neo Asozin水溶劑，Mon乳劑，Urbazid
可濕性粉劑，Granosan可濕性粉劑，Fumiron可濕性粉劑及抗生素Blaes S3可濕性粉劑等稻作病害常用之殺菌劑對稱紋枯病菌之防治效力，利用蠶豆葉作指標植物，分析各藥劑之藥效機構，如抑制菌絲生長作用，病菌侵入防止作用及病斑擴展阻止作用等特性，並以此等作用之強弱及藥劑持續效果之長短，根據高板氏之試驗證明推定各藥劑之實用效果。
1. In the present paper, certain resultant data of the laboratory experiments with the Kozaka’s broad-bean method on evaluation of the fungicidal action of certain commercial fungicides against Pellicularia sasakii are reported. According to the Kozaka’s experimental evidence that in field trials as well as pot trials using rice plants, the effectiveness of rating and also fungicidal characterlstcs of the chemicals run almost parallel with results of the broad-bean tests
Biological Control of the Corn Borers
No full text玉米螟乃玉米栽培期中之首要害蟲，依其地理分布重要者有歐洲玉米螟(Osfrmnia ,uthilalis (Hb.))與亞洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis (Gn.))兩種。前老分布於歐、美、亞及非洲地區，後者分布於亞、澳地區。該兩種玉米螟種名之鑑定頗有存疑之處，本文係依文獻使用者子以整理。
本文所論之玉米螟生物防治，係以歐洲玉米螟為主，分別列述其卵、幼蟲及蛹等之寄生性天敵（昆蟲、細菌、真菌、病毒、線蟲及原生動物等）與捕食性天敵（昆蟲、蜘蛛、鳥及嚙齒動物等）之種類及其應用於防治玉米螟之實例。並就其卵寄生蜂之飼育、增殖、釋放等技術及其故進加以檢討。玉米螟之微生物天敵因另有專題報告，本文不予列述。
The corn borers have been recognized as the most destructive insect pest of corn during its growing season. Two important species of the corn borers are known as European corn borer (Osfrmnia ,uthilalis (Hb.)) and Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis (Gn.)), the former species distributed in Europe, North America, western Asia and northwestern Africa, and the latter species distributed in Asia and Australia. The confusion on name identification has been existent between these two species in some literature. The names of corn borers presented in this paper is directly cited from its literature.
This paper reviews about the biological control of corn borers and with cspecial emphasis on the European corn borer. It concerns with the parasitoids (e.g. insect, bacterium, fungus, virus, nematode and protoza), and the predators (e.g. insect, spider, bird and rodent) of the egg, larva and pupa of corn borcrs particularly the utilization of natural enemies for their control. The propagating and releasing techniques of their egg parasitoids and the factors effect on wasp liberation are also reviewed and discussed as follows:
1. The propagating techniques cover the species identification, use of alternative hosts, host eggs inviability, maintenance of the health stock of wasps, and the semi- or automated rearing procedure, etc.
2. The releasing techniques cover the understanding of the density and ovipositing period of host insects, release of various developmental stages of wasps, and the USC of protecting container, tractorised apparatus or aircraft for the wasps liberation, etc.
3. The effectivenc of wasps liberation is closely related to the duration of the flight period of host moths, weather condition, corn variety, adequated numbers and times of wasps released, etc
(9(3):17-23)EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF RICE BLAST DISEASE AND ITS CONTROL -(2) Results of paddy field experiment
No full text為明瞭稻作於田間施用三要素之用量及施肥時期對于稱病害發生之關係，而舉行此試驗。玆將其主耍結果列舉如後：
1. 如氮肥之施用量增加2倍時，無論燐及鉀肥同時增加或較少者，葉、穗稻熱病之發生最多。
2. 氮及燐肥為普通量，而且鉀肥之施用量增加1.5倍或2倍時，病害之發生程度較輕。
3. 稻紋枯病之發病狀況與稻熱病之罹病狀況略同。
4. 三要素中對病害之發生最有密切之關係者為氮肥。
5. 稻穀之產量與病害之發生程度成為反比例。即無論稱熱病、紋枯病或葉鞘腐敗病之發生多時，其產量為低。
6. 增加鉀肥，而且一半為基肥，其餘為追肥時無論對病害或產量之影響皆最佳。
The relation between the prevalence of rice blast (Piricularia oryzae) disease, and rates and time of N. P. K. fertilizer application were studied. The result indicated that the degree of leaf and neck blast disease infections were greatly increased, despite of simultaneous increase of decrease of phosphorus and potash fertiliers. The blast disease infection was lighter when the N. P. K. fectilizers were applied at the rates of 80, 60, 60 or 80 kilograms per hactre respectively. With regard to the rates of fertilizers application the prevalence of sheath and leaf spots was similar to that of blast disease. Among the three elements applied, nitrogen fertilizer tended apparently to induce the disease infections. The grain yield was greatly reduced as the result of infections with blast, leaf and sheath spots, and sheath rot diseases, howevee, the grain yield was freatly improved when the total amount of potash was increased, and a half of which was used as basic manure and the other half was used as top-dressing
Corrigendum to “A generic multi-level framework for microscopic traffic simulation with automated vehicles in mixed traffic” [Transport. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol. 110 (2020) 291–311] (Transportation Research Part C (2020) 110 (291–311), (S0968090X19304322), (10.1016/j.trc.2019.11.019))
No full textThe authors regret that a contributing author was missing from the list of authors. The complete list of authors should be: “S.C. Calvert, B. van Arem, & J. W. C. van Lint”. All are with Delft University of Technology, Department of Transport & Planning, The Netherlands updated as above. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.Transport and Plannin
(12(2):1-6)臺灣稻紋枯病菌生理小種之研究
No full textSheath blight disease incited by Pellicularia sasakii on rice plants is of the second importance to blast in distribution, as well as damage for the rice culture in Taiwan (Hashioka 1951). Under the present situation in Taiwan, the japnica type of rice is more susceptible. Yield loss from this disease is around 14-17% (Lo 1961). According to Lo (Personal communication), the loss due to the blast disease might have been exceeded by the scierotial sheath blight which has become increasingly prevalent in recent years (Chiu 1962).
Sawada (1912) stated that the fungus might be able to infect a diverse number of plants, 47 species belonging to 4 families in Taiwan; 60 species belonging to 16 families in Japan. Matsumoto (1934) reported that there were 16 strains of the fungus collected in Taiwan from various hosts, including rice, sugarcane, groundnut, french bean, cowpea and camphor. Nakada and Kawamura (1939) pointed out that there were 16, 9 and 3 biotypes observed according to the cultural characteristics of the fungus on Czapek’s, Potato sucrose and dried plum agar, respectively. They also stated that the suscepts attacked by this parasite were about 188 species of 32 families in Japan.
In consideration of the information stated above, one can presume the exi-stence of many physiologic races of the fungus in nature. For this reason an attempt on studies of the feasible existence of different races in Taiwan have been made in Department of Plant Pathology at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute since 1957.
In the present paper, experimental evidence confirmed the existence of physio-logic races of P. sasakii in Taiwan.
1. 自宜蘭、臺北、東勢、嘉義、屏東、臺東等地區，採集稻紋枯病害標本。經人工純系分離後，在馬鈴薯培養基上鑒別其培養型，並於溫窒內舉行人工接種。所選用十六鑒別稻品種係本研究室供鑒定稻熱病菌生理小種所用者。
2. 305 個純系分離之稻紋枯病病原菌，在馬鈴薯培養基上，以其菌絲之生長，培養基之色澤，菌核之形成日期、數目、色澤、形狀及在培養皿內之位置等特性，可分為七種培養型。
3. 根據以上七種培養型中，各選出一菌號，接種於選定之鑒別稻品種上，得到六種病原性不同之生理小種，即可分類為 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 及 6 等小種。
4. 在十六鑒別稻品種上，在來稻之抗病性高於蓬萊稻。在來稻中，陸稻比水稻更顯著
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