1,721,609 research outputs found
Dopamine and visually regulated eye growth in chick
No full textRetinal image properties such as contrast and spatial frequency play important roles in the development of normal vision. For example, visual environments comprised solely of low contrast and/or low spatial frequencies induce myopia. The visual image is processed by the retina and it then locally controls eye growth. In terms of the retinal neurotransmitters that link visual stimuli to eye growth, there is strong evidence to suggest involvement of the retinal dopamine (DA) system. For example, effectively increasing retinal DA levels by using DA agonists can suppress the development of form-deprivation myopia (FDM). However, whether visual feedback controls eye growth by modulating retinal DA release, and/or some other factors, is still being elucidated. This thesis is chiefly concerned with the relationship between the dopaminergic system and retinal image properties in eye growth control. More specifically, whether the amount of retinal DA release reduces as the complexity of the image degrades was determined. For example, we investigated whether the level of retinal DA release decreased as image contrast decreased. In addition, the effects of spatial frequency, spatial energy distribution slope, and spatial phase on retinal DA release and eye growth were examined. When chicks were 8-days-old, a cone-lens imaging system was applied monocularly (+30 D, 3.3 cm cone). A short-term treatment period (6 hr) and a longer-term treatment period (4.5 days) were used. The short-term treatment tests for the acute reduction in DA release by the visual stimulus, as is seen with diffusers and lenses, whereas the 4.5 day point tests for reduction in DA release after more prolonged exposure to the visual stimulus. In the contrast study, 1.35 cyc/deg square wave grating targets of 95%, 67%, 45%, 12% or 4.2% contrast were used. Blank (0% contrast) targets were included for comparison. In the spatial frequency study, both sine and square wave grating targets with either 0.017 cyc/deg and 0.13 cyc/deg fundamental spatial frequencies and 95% contrast were used. In the spectral slope study, 30% root-mean-squared (RMS) contrast fractal noise targets with spectral fall-off of 1/f0.5, 1/f and 1/f2 were used. In the spatial alignment study, a structured Maltese cross (MX) target, a structured circular patterned (C) target and the scrambled versions of these two targets (SMX and SC) were used. Each treatment group comprised 6 chicks for ocular biometry (refraction and ocular dimension measurement) and 4 for analysis of retinal DA release. Vitreal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) was analysed through ion-paired reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED), as a measure of retinal DA release. For the comparison between retinal DA release and eye growth, large reductions in retinal DA release possibly due to the decreased light level inside the cone-lens imaging system were observed across all treated eyes while only those exposed to low contrast, low spatial frequency sine wave grating, 1/f2, C and SC targets had myopic shifts in refraction. Amongst these treatment groups, no acute effect was observed and longer-term effects were only found in the low contrast and 1/f2 groups. These findings suggest that retinal DA release does not causally link visual stimuli properties to eye growth, and these target induced changes in refractive development are not dependent on the level of retinal DA release. Retinal dopaminergic cells might be affected indirectly via other retinal cells that immediately respond to changes in the image contrast of the retinal image
AUT801345_Lay_Abstract – Supplemental material for Development, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of an employment-related social skills intervention for young adults with high-functioning autism
No full textSupplemental material, AUT801345_Lay_Abstract for Development, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of an employment-related social skills intervention for young adults with high-functioning autism by Connie Sung, Annemarie Connor, June Chen, Chien-Chun Lin, Hung-Jen Kuo and Jina Chun in Autism</p
AUT801345_Supplementary_material – Supplemental material for Development, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of an employment-related social skills intervention for young adults with high-functioning autism
No full textSupplemental material, AUT801345_Supplementary_material for Development, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of an employment-related social skills intervention for young adults with high-functioning autism by Connie Sung, Annemarie Connor, June Chen, Chien-Chun Lin, Hung-Jen Kuo and Jina Chun in Autism</p
Estimation of mean sojourn time for lung cancer by chest X-ray screening with a Bayesian approach
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Flexible tactile sensor with high sensitivity utilizing botanical epidermal cell natural micro-structures
No full text鐵道觀光化對台鐵平溪線營運影響之研究
No full text現今世界先進國家傳統鐵路的經營已陸續轉型，大眾的觀光型態亦逐漸朝向深度主題之旅，在此背景下，結合鐵道運輸與觀光活動已成為新興的發展趨勢，國外如日本、美國、澳洲都已有不少成功先例。在國內，鐵道觀光化肇始於阿里山森林鐵路的轉型，其後於民國80年代在台鐵支線上興起，至今已逐漸影響其他產業鐵道的發展。鐵道觀光化是指鐵道從原本的運輸導向逐漸轉型為觀光導向，具有兩種性質與三類型態，是一長期變動的過程。
本研究從平溪線歷年營運的數據資料中，分別就觀光化策略、空間與時間三個面向分析鐵道觀光化對其產生的影響。在觀光化策略中，台鐵於81年4月實施的轉型政策影響最為顯著，對平溪線的客運量具有提升的效果。空間上則具有帶動沿線車站觀光發展的趨勢。在時間上，使平溪線營運呈現依時間不同變化，具有旺季與淡季的觀光活動特性。主要車站的營運亦呈現週間變動情況。
而從搭乘平溪線的觀光旅客問卷調查中可知，平溪線已成為具有相當吸引力之觀光標的，顯示轉型觀光化後的成效。觀光旅客具有高度重遊意願的調查結果亦是提供未來長期發展應致力提升旅客重遊率的重要指標。
本研究最後分析平溪線現今發展面臨之問題與困境，以觀光旅客及營運者觀點分別探討之，並提出短期改善與長期發展策略。另外，針對鐵路法對於鐵道觀光化的影響特闢一節闡述。惟提出之策略仍有賴後續進一步的可行性分析研究，以得知是否具實際執行的條件與預期成果。The function of railway industry in advanced countries has changed gradually. Tourist modes of the masses also have becoming the subject tours. By this background, it is a new trend to combine railways with tourism. There are many successful cases in Japan, America, and Australia. In Taiwan, “Railway tourism” originated from Alishan Forest Railway and developed on TRA’s branch lines during 1990s. It spreads to other railways continually now. The main function of railways is transportation, tourism is an additional function. The process from transportation to tourism of railways is the researchful target in this thesis.
This thesis will analyze the influence of operation which caused by this process. The influence will be discussed by tourist strategies, space, and time. In tourist strategies, TRA put the changing policy of operation into practice on April, 1992. It got remarkable effect. And the process can promote tourist development at other stations along Pingsi line. In addition, Pingsi line shows the operational characteristic which is affected by tourist activities. There are rush and slack seasons in this line.
From the result of investigation on trains in Pingsi line, this rail has become the attractive scenic spot locally and tourists have high inclination to travel this area again. This opinion can provide the consultation for planning in the future.
This research categorizes the problems and straits of development today in tourists’ and TRA’s viewpoints finally. And it suggests short-term and long-term measures. Besides, it will discuss the straits of railway tourism which caused by “Railway Law”. But the measures proposed by this thesis still need to carry feasibility studies out further to estimate the enforceable effect.摘要 I
英文摘要 II
目錄 III
圖目錄 V
表目錄 VI
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究範圍與內容 2
1.4 研究方法與流程 5
第二章 鐵道觀光化之發展與文獻回顧 7
2.1 國內鐵道觀光化的發展歷程 7
2.2 國外鐵道觀光化的成功案例 13
2.3 鐵道觀光化之國內外相關研究 16
第三章 鐵道觀光化之定義及理論彙整 23
3.1 鐵道觀光化的定義 23
3.2 鐵道觀光化的形成要件 26
3.3 鐵道觀光化對營運面的影響 29
第四章 鐵道觀光化對平溪線營運影響分析 31
4.1 平溪線基本背景簡介 31
4.2 平溪線歷年營運概況分析 33
4.3 觀光化策略對營運影響分析 40
4.4 觀光化後對營運影響之空間分析 46
4.5 觀光化後對營運影響之時間分析 59
4.6 觀光化後對營運影響之空間與時間交叉分析 62
第五章 平溪線觀光旅客問卷調查分析 67
5.1 問卷調查基本資料 67
5.2 觀光旅客概況分析 69
5.3 觀光旅客意向分析 73
5.4 觀光旅客對平溪線觀感分析 75
第六章 問題分析與改善策略 81
6.1 平溪線觀光發展面臨問題與困境 81
6.2 鐵路法對鐵道觀光化之影響 84
6.3 平溪線營運未來發展策略研擬 86
第七章 結論與建議 91
7.1 結論 91
7.2 建議 93
參考文獻 9
Retrospective Comparison of the Ajcc 5th Edition Classification for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with the Ajcc 4th Edition: An Experience in Taiwan
No full textObjective: The aim of this study was to compare the new AJCC 5th edition classification system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with the AJCC 4th edition by re-evaluating the staging of patients treated in Taiwan. Methods: From 1992 through 1996, 117 NPC patients without distant metastasis were treated using complete courses of radiotherapy. All patients had complete CT examinations of the nasopharynx and neck. Each patient was re-staged according to the 5th edition of the AJCC classification system. Their overall survival (OS), loco-regional relapse- free survival (LRRFS), distant metastasis-free survival ( DMFS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were compared between the two staging systems, using the Kaplan-Meier method, log- rank test, Wilcoxon test and Cox proportional hazard model. Results: After a median follow-up of 58.3 months, the 5-year OS for stage I, II, III and IV was 88, 86, 61 and 48%, respectively, according to the new staging. A more even distribution of patients was noted among the patients classified according to the AJCC 5th edition than the 4th edition. The distribution of stages I, II, III and IV was 13 .7, 37.6, 15.4 and 33.3%, respectively, using the new staging system, whereas it was 0.8, 14.5, 20.5 and 64.2%, respectively, using the old staging system. More statistically significant differences among 5th edition stages and T classifications than the 4th edition were also noted. Conclusions: The 5th edition of the AJCC staging system appears to have a more even distribution of patients and more statistically significant differences in predicting prognosis than the 4th edition, mostly in stages and T classification
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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