1,721,035 research outputs found
Spatial centrality, economic vitality/viability: compositional and spatial effects in Greater London
No full textThis research is the continuation of previous studies in the literature related to space syntax spatial
analyses of urban centrality. In recent years spatial economics has focused on the spatial location
of economic activities and its determinants. At the city-region level a significant part of the analysis
has been concerned with the concept of agglomeration as a source of economies of scale,
productivity growth, and the role of transport: the spatial accessibility economies. Empirical
evidence of the relationship between multi-scales spatial accessibilities and movement economies,
as dependant on spatial configuration, is well charted in the space syntax literature. Using space
syntax spatial analyses, the socio-economic and spatial patterns of 10 centres located in Inner and
Outer London are analysed. The findings show that centres have specific spatial configuration
signatures which distinguish centres from their spatial context. These signatures lead to the
identification of centre spatial factor components. The interaction between socio-economic
compositional effect and spatial signature profiles is investigated and leads to preliminary centre
socio-economic/spatial typologies
The values of urban design - spatial models
Full text linkUrban network morphometrics (UNeMos) is a research technique and a design decision aid in urban design. UNeMOS are network science-based configurational metrics of urban morphology that can inform urban designing decision-making, helping designers to discriminate between different 2D and 3D design options. However, some UNeMOS differ from the standard link/node network encoding by using a transport network’s specific encoding, thus lacking usability in mainstream transport and transport geography and analytical power in 3D. There is also a lack of comparison between these encodings and whether the transport geography combination of standard encoding/closeness centrality analysis using Euclidean, angular, or combination thereof are as discriminant or more of urban design network layout in 2D and 3D. The commentary addresses this research gap by reflecting on how the research original contributions reported in the collected publications have deployed diverse combinations of transport network encoding and spatial models of distance to evaluate the values of transport network configuration. The commentary critically contextualises the publications’ original contributions with reference to a leading research question and a sub-question:
How well does UNeMOS, as a standard link/node spatial model and nonstandard spatial model, discriminate urban network configurations in 2D or 3D to capture urban design values?
The publications cover urban morphology, form, property pricing, transport planning, spatial distribution, high-density city areas, urban design, and network analysis. The publications demonstrate a deep understanding of various aspects of intra-urban and urban studies, including historical morphological roots, challenges for future research, and their practical applications in urban design and planning.
The methods employed in these studies involve a variety of quantitative and qualitative approaches. These include, among others, hedonic pricing modelling, multivariate models, road and metro network encoding, 2D and 3D spatial Design Network Analysis (sDNA) software, pedestrian standard path centre line network encoding, and value-based urban design. These methods have investigated the association between urban morphology, property prices, transport access, land-use resources, and pedestrian flows in contrasted urban contexts.
The approaches in the publications demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the complexities and interdependencies in intra-urban and urban studies. The research explores various spatial scales, from local urban design to macro-meso transport planning, and investigates the relationship between outdoor and indoor 3D pedestrian networks in high-density urban areas.
Overall, the breadth and depth of the research in these publications and their original contributions showcase a strong foundation in intra-urban and urban studies, highlighting the importance of understanding urban environments’ spatial, socioeconomic, and morphological aspects for effective planning and design.
Summary of the publications and contributions:
Publication 1: Chiaradia, A., 2019. Urban Morphology/Urban Form. In: A. Orum, ed. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies. Hoboken, NJ: WileyBlackwell, pp. 1-6.
The paper contextualises and traces succinctly, from 1830 to 2019, the historical roots of urban morphology, including street network focus. The article provides a general introduction to critical concepts. Space syntax is contextualised as performative urban morphology and referenced to the early work of Stübben (1911).
The main contribution is the identification of three key challenges for future research: epistemological embedding, qualitative ontology, and a unified approach that bridges descriptive/explanatory and prescriptive/normative aspects.
Publication 2: Chiaradia, A.*, Hillier, B., Schwander, C. and Barnes, Y., 2013.
Compositional and urban form effects on residential property value patterns in Greater London. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning, 166(3), pp.176-199.
This research used a hedonic pricing modelling framework. The road network encoding uses standard road centre line encoding transformed by space syntax software and centralities metrics quantitative spatial characterisation of road network shape/accessibility to investigate the association with property price of a large sample of adjacent properties (≈100,000). Findings are aligned with extant theory related to the hedonic modelling of the residential property price; dwelling size is the most important.
The research reveals the importance of road network shape and accessibility characteristics in determining residential property prices in Greater London. The main contribution is the identification of two spatial scales associated with property prices: a local urban design scale (= 2,000 m).
Publication 3: Chiaradia, A.*, Hillier, B., Schwander, C. and Wedderburn, M., 2012. Compositional and urban form effects on centres in Greater London. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning, 165(1), pp.21-42.
This research used a multi-variate model, using standard road centre line encoding transformed by space syntax software and centralities metrics quantitative spatial characterisation of road network shape/accessibility and socio-economic variables to investigate the association with commercial rental values of a large sample of commercial property located in designated sub-centres.
Findings show that a sub-centre can be spatially distinguished from its non-centre surroundings. A sub-centrality spatial signature: sub-centre spatial and socio-economic typology are identified. Of the two main space syntax spatial variables associated with the sub-centres signatures, one would be the remit or urban design (local spatial scale, walking scale <= 800 m) and the other (meso-scale, <= 2,000 m) would be the remit of transport planning.
Publication 4: Zhang, L., Chiaradia, A.* & Zhuang, Y. A., 2015. Configurational Accessibility Study of Road and Metro Network in Shanghai. In: Q. Pan & J. Cao, eds. Recent Developments in Chinese Urban Planning. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 219-245.
This research deployed standard road centre line encoding, metro network topological encoding and 2D spatial Design Network Analysis (sDNA) software quantitative spatial characterisation of road network and metro network shape/accessibility to investigate the probability density function of spatial distribution of metro system access points, bus access points and commercial land use in a Mega City.
The research shows the uneven spatial distribution of metro access points, bus access points, and commercial land use in Shanghai, with 60-70% associated with the top three deciles of road and metro network shape/accessibility. The main contribution is the comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution of transport and land-use resources in a mega-city context.
Publication 5: Zhang, L. & Chiaradia, A.*, 2019. Three-dimensional Spatial Network Analysis and Its Application in a High Density City Area, Central Hong Kong (In Chinese). Urban Planning International, 33(1), pp. 46-53.
This research used 3D pedestrian standard path centre line network encoding and 3D sDNA software quantitative spatial characterisation of outdoor and indoor multi-level pedestrian network shape/accessibility to investigate their association with pedestrian flow level in one of the most complex multi-level-built environments.
The research reveals a high association between the standard spatial characterisation of outdoor and indoor multi-level pedestrian network shape/accessibility and pedestrian flow levels in a complex built environment. The main contribution is the demonstration of the interdependence between outdoor and indoor pedestrian networks in a high-density urban context.
Publication 6: Chiaradia, A.*, Sieh, L. and Plimmer, F., 2017. Values in urban design: A design studio teaching approach. Design Studies, 49, pp. 66-100.
The paper refers to physical configurations in general and the movement network that UNeMos are measuring. It articulates a theoretical bridge between the technicalities of measuring urban morphology and the creative application of resulting insights about the impact of any proposed, designed urban shape on the performance of the urban ‘place’ of which it is a part. The basis of the bridge is the concept of value. This is not simply ‘price’ but an interdisciplinary social scientific compound construct inspired by an extensive anthropological meta-review of value: “that which matters, and the extent to which that matters.”
The research establishes a theoretical bridge between urban morphology measurement and urban design creativity through the concept of value, which is adapted from Graeber’s general conceptualisation. The main contribution is developing a value-based approach to urban design, as demonstrated through the analysis of student work in an urban design studio.
Publication 7: Chiaradia, A., Cooper, C., Webster, C., 2011, spatial Design Network Analysis Software, & Cooper, C.H. and Chiaradia, A.J., 2020. sDNA: 3D spatial network analysis for GIS, CAD, Command Line & Python. SoftwareX, 12, p.100525.
Spatial Design Network Analysis (sDNA) is a toolbox for 2D and 3D spatial network analysis, especially street/path/urban network analysis, motivated by a need to use standard network links/nodes as the principal unit of analysis to analyse existing and projected network data. sDNA is usable from QGIS & ArcGIS geographic information systems, AutoCAD, Rhino Gh, and the command line via its own Python API. It computes measures of accessibility (reach, mean distance/closeness centrality, gravity), flows (bidirectional betweenness centrality) and efficiency (circuity) as well as convex hull properties, localised within lower- and upper-bounded radial bands. Weighting is flexible and can use geometric properties, data attached to links, zones, matrices or combinations of the above. Motivated by a desire to base network analysis on route choice and spatial cognition, distance can be network-Euclidean, angular, a mixture of both, custom, or specific to cyclists (avoiding slope and motorised traffic). In addition to statistics on network links, the following outputs can be computed: geodesics, network buffers, accessibility maps, convex hulls, flow bundles and skim matrices.
Further tools assist with network preparation and calibration of network models to observed data. To date, sDNA has been used mainly for urban network analysis by academics and city planners/engineers for tasks including predicting pedestrian, cyclist, vehicle and metro flows and mode choice and quantifying the built environment for epidemiology and urban planning & design. The main contribution is developing a user-friendly and flexible software tool that supports various types of 3D network analysis, including accessibility, flows, efficiency measures, and various output formats and tools.
The commentary critically introduces, compares, and analyses various spatial models of distance using the closeness centrality of a network, combinations of transport network encoding and topological, Euclidean, angular and hybrid distances for their capacity and limitations to discriminate transport network layout. It contextualised the issues related to how and what could be “counted so as to reveal the differences between one settlement structure and another?” (Hillier & Hanson, 1984) in 2D or 3D to capture urban design values.
The main findings are as follows:
• Topologic distance is inferior at measuring and discriminating distinct layout configurations of the transport networks.
• To a very good extent, Euclidean distance measures and discriminates distinct layout configurations of transport networks, yet mainly grid-like layout.
• Angular distance remedies the issues of Euclidean distance related to a deformed grid yet introduces errors that can be resolved by Hybrid distance.
The link/node model of encoding transport network combined with closeness centrality of the network using spatial models of distance seems valid in discriminating distinct layout configurations of 2D and 3D transport networks. The publications’ original contributions demonstrate that these techniques empirically capture 2D and 3D urban design values
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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