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Multiplication and distribution of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacterium causing citrus huanglongbing,in the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)
No full text柑橘黃龍病 citrus huanglongbing 為亞洲和非洲地區重要的柑橘病害，引起柑橘黃龍病之病原體 Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus 為寄生在寄主植物篩管的薄壁細菌，無法以人工方式培養。此病可藉由無性繁殖體的嫁接方式與媒介昆蟲來傳播，在亞洲地區是由亞洲柑橘木蝨 Diaphorina citri Kuwayama 以持續性方式媒介傳播。為瞭解黃龍病菌在柑橘木蝨體內的活動過程及對木蝨之可能影響，應用穿透式電子顯微鏡觀察黃龍病菌在柑橘木蝨體內的循環過程。試驗證實柑橘木蝨從罹病株上獲取黃龍病菌後，需經過約7天的潛伏期才具有傳播能力。黃龍病菌必需先穿過中腸上皮細胞並於中腸細胞內進行增殖，接著進入血腔繼續進行增殖，並逐漸移行至其他組織包括血球、神經、脂肪體、氣管上皮細胞及肌肉等，最後抵達唾腺，屆時柑橘木蝨即具有傳播黃龍病的能力。與健康未受黃龍病菌感染的肌肉細胞相比較，受黃龍病菌感染的肌肉細胞之粒線體數目減少且肌纖維膜受到破壞。證據顯示被黃龍病菌感染的木蝨其壽命和繁殖力會明顯降低。Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a serious citrus disease in Asia and Africa. It is caused by the infection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), a fastidious bacterium that resides in the sieve tube of host plants. The pathogen is transmitted persistently by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri in Asia. In order to figure out the whole process of Las inside psyllids, and its ill effect on the psyllids. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employes. The psyllids were able to transmit Las to their host plants 7 days after acquisition from the Las-infected plant. Las multiplied first in the midgut epithelial cells of psyllid, and then penetrated through the basal lamina and entered into the hemocoel. Las multiplied again in the hemocoel and then invaded other host tissues, including hemocytes, nervous tissue, fat body, trachea, and muscle. Eventually, Las invaded the salivary gland and the Las-infected psyllids were enabled to transmit Las to other host plants. Symptoms of serious pathogenesis occurred in the muscle tissue. The number of mitochondria in the Las-infected muscle cells was reduced and, the myofilaments and sarcolemma were disrupted. The longevity of Las-infected psyllids was significantly shortened and its fecundity reduced.中文摘要
英文摘要
致謝
目錄
壹、前言…………………………………………………………………1
貳、往昔研究
一、柑橘黃龍病概述……………………………………………3
二、柑橘木蝨概述………………………………………………6
三、媒介昆蟲於植物病害傳播扮演之角色……………………8
參、材料方法
一、供試蟲源……………………………………………………11
二、寄主植物……………………………………………………11
三、帶原(黃龍病菌)柑橘木蝨之獲得…………………………11
四、黃龍病之PCR檢測…………………………………………11
五、共生菌之PCR檢測…………………………………………13
六、帶原柑橘木蝨之超微構造…………………………………13
七、帶原柑橘木蝨雌成蟲之壽命及繁殖力……………………14
肆、結果
一、黃龍病與共生菌之PCR檢測………………………………15
二、黃龍病菌在帶原柑橘木蝨體內之形態及增殖.…………15
三、黃龍病菌在柑橘木蝨體內侵染的過程……………………16
四、帶原柑橘木蝨雌成蟲壽命及繁殖力………………………17
伍、討論………………………………………………………………19
陸、參考文獻…………………………………………………………25
柒、圖表………………………………………………………………3
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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