56 research outputs found
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No full textBook Chapter. Book Title: Coastal Agricultural Resource Inventory: An overview and way forward. (2020). Ed(s): Chakurkar E. B., Desai A. R., Thangam M., Manohara K. K., Shivasharanappa N., Gokuldas P.P., Rajkumar R. S., Mahajan G. R., Susitha R., Vishwanatha Reddy K., Sreekanth G. B., Paramesha V., Das B., Desai S., Chethan Kumar H. B., Mayekar T. and Nayak N. ICAR–CCARI, Old Goa, Goa, India. ISBN - 978-93-5406-829-4, pp: 1-288.Not AvailableNot Availabl
FIGURE 12. A in Treatise on the Isoptera of the World
No full textFIGURE 12. A. The University of California, Berkeley's Faculty of Zoology in 1944, with three illustrious contributors to termite systematics, biology, and evolution among its staff: Charles A. Kofoid, Harold Kirby, and Sol F. Light. Front row (left to right): Richard Goldschmidt, S.J. Holmes, Kofoid, H.B. Torrey, and Kirby. Second row: E. Raymond Hall, J.E. Gullberg, Alden H. Miller, Light, and S. C. Brooks. Third row: Ray L. Watterson and Richard M. Eakin. B. Laura Hare, author of the Nasutitermitinae, the largest subfamily of termites.Published as part of <i>Krishna, Kumar, Grimaldi, David A., Krishna, Valerie & Engel, Michael S., 2013, Treatise on the Isoptera of the World, pp. 200-623 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2704 (377)</i> on page 31, DOI: 10.1206/377.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10113630">http://zenodo.org/record/10113630</a>
Control of capillary break-up in spiralling liquid jets
No full textA cylindrical column of fluid breaks into drops under the action of surface tension when other forces are relatively small. This phenomenon is called the capillary break-up. Since the introduction of the seminal theory of inertial-capillary jet instability by Rayleigh in the late 19th century, this phenomenon has seen a rich influx of academic research and industrial interests over the past few decades. The theory suggests that out of all the unstable wavelengths only the most unstable wavelength determines the drop size. But in reality, random background perturbations and non-linear pinch-off dynamics result in bi-modal drop size distribution. The two peaks in the bi-modal distribution correspond to the formation of main drops and satellite drops. The main drops are the desired product of the industry and the satellite drops are relatively smaller in size and are discarded by post-production processes like sieving. To reduce post-production processes and ensure repeatability, the industrial demand is to have a "narrow uni-modal" drop size distribution. Meaning, elimination of satellite drops and having uniform-sized main drops. Narrow distribution is achieved by employing finite-amplitude perturbation on the jet. This way the jet is not affected by the random background perturbation as the finite-amplitude perturbation dominates the break-up process. But this does not ensure satellite drop elimination. Uni-modality is achieved when the satellite drops merge with the main drops. Merging happens when the satellite and the main drop have different velocities and follow the same trajectory. The amplitude of the sinusoidal perturbation can be tuned to have this merging condition. The externally perturbed jet finds its application in a plethora of industrial processes such as powder production, combustion, micro-encapsulation, extreme ultraviolet rays (EUV) and, laser-plasma production (LPP), ink-jet printing, etc. The focus of this thesis is the production of crystalline fertilizer pellets from the capillary break-up of a spiralling jet of molten fertilizer. This process is called rotary prilling. Experimental studies in spiraling jets without external perturbation also shows bi-modal distribution of drops. The fine satellite drops produced in prilling process are a potential safety hazard as they can cause dust explosions which can be detrimental to air quality. Expensive filters and wet scrubbers are placed inside the prilling tower to remove the fine satellite drops. Hence uni-modal drop size distribution in prilling is highly beneficial for both economic and environmental reasons. As perturbed spiralling jets are not studied in detail in the existing literature, this thesis employs sinusoidal perturbations on spiraling water jets and aims to achieve uni-modal drop size distribution. While the straight jets have a nearly constant base flow, the spiraling jets have a base flow that accelerates due to the centrifugal and Coriolis forces in the downstream direction. As a result of mass conservation the accelerating base flow results in jet stretching in the downstream direction. The evolution of perturbations on such a stretched jet not only depends on surface tension and inertial forces of the local jet radius, but also on the wavelength that is excited initially. Hence the evolution of perturbations on straight jets with constant base flow is an eigen-value problem whereas, on a stretched jet it is an initial value problem. When the stretching rate is faster than the capillary growth rate damping of the surface perturbations will occur. For the process parameters investigated in this thesis, the capillary growth rate is faster resulting in negligible damping. The other effect of jet stretching is that the wavelengths are also stretched, that is the wavelength that is excited initially becomes longer in the downstream direction, thus the wavenumber decreases. The linear spatial instability theory for spiraling jets is experimentally validated in this thesis. For the set of non-dimensional numbers chosen in this thesis, uni-modal distribution of drops is achieved by tuning the frequency and amplitude of the sinusoidal perturbation. Uni-modality is observed when the non-dimensional wavenumber near break-up is approximately 0.7 and the amplitude is tuned accordingly. As the wavenumber decreases in downstream direction the wavenumber excited at the nozzle should be greater than 0.7
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No full textFlood-impacted animal husbandry in Ernakulam district of Kerala- Observations and RecommendationsFlood-impacted animal husbandry in Ernakulam district of Kerala- Observations and RecommendationsNot Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableJapanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne zoonosis caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). It is a leading cause of encephalitis in humans especially children in Asia. Aquatic wading birds are the reservoirs and pigs serve as amplifying hosts for JEV. Humans and horses are dead-end hosts. JE is endemic in several states of India. Goa, a small state on the west coast of India, had witnessed JE outbreaks in the past and as on date human JE cases are reported sporadically. Although human JE cases are well documented in Goa, the status of JEV exposure of pigs has not been well documented. Hence the present study was undertaken with an objective of identifying JEV exposure in the pig population of Goa state in the light of declining human JE cases. To achieve the objective, between January 2017 and May 2019, serum samples from 666 pigs were screened using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of anti-JEV IgG. The apparent prevalence of anti-JEV IgG in pigs was found to be 7.1 % (95 % confidence interval 5.3 %-9.3 %) and true prevalence was 4.6 % (95 % confidence interval 2.7 %-7.1 %). The seroprevalence of JE recorded in pigs of Goa state was low compared to other endemic states in India, which may also be one of the reasons for the lower prevalence of human JE cases in Goa state. Univariate analysis revealed that the age of the pigs and district did not significantly influence the JE seroprevalence in pigs of Goa state. However, in multivariable logistic regression, the North Goa district was found to significantly (p = 0.017) influence the JE seroprevalence in pigs. The study identified that JEV is still circulating in the Goan pig population and hence constant vigil is required to monitor the intensity of JEV circulation in pigs. Besides forewarning possible human outbreaks in the locality, evidence of JEV exposure in pig population provides valuable data on the magnitude and extent of geographical spread.Indian Council of Agricultural Researc
Development of dipstick enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for on-site sero-diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis in swine
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No full textNot AvailableShiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 and several other serogroups of non-O157 STEC strains present as commensalism bacteria in small ruminants that possess a high potential of attaining pathogenic virulent genetic elements. The pathogenicity of non-O157 strains is emerging progressively in animals as well as in humans especially in the rural areas as they get transmitted through unsanitary practices of living, consumption of uncooked meat and milk, human-livestock close proximity as well as within livestock pathogenic bacterial transmission. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of non-O157 E.coli isolates and characterize based on clinical history, antibiotic sensitivity testing, multiplex PCR (mPCR) detection of virulence genes, genotype identification using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic separation of antigenic proteins to determine their prevalence, virulence and genetic comparison between host and environment for epidemiological significance. A total of 300 E.coli isolates were recovered from rectal swabs of goats and their surrounding environment over a period of one year (2016–2017) by selective isolation. Among which 50 isolates were confirmed to be from the non-O157 E.coli family. The mPCR analysis of these 50 isolates revealed the presence of two or more virulent genes, viz., hylA (90%), fliC (74%), eaeA (56%), stx1 (48%) and stx2 (22%).Four isolates exhibited multidrug-resistance to amoxiclav, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ceftriazone. The PFGE fingerprint profile showed six major clusters at 100% similarity from the 50 isolates. The major antigenic proteins identified from the isolates were stx1A, stx2B and fliC. This study has significant implications for understanding the molecular diversity of emerging pathotypes of non-O157 in young goats in terms of virulence and epidemiological aspects.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailablePig farming is one of the most economically viable options for the rural backward and resource-poor farmers in Asian countries. Growth rate and litter size are the most important traits based on which the crossbreeding programs are typically planned in commercial pig farming. The modern system of farming with high yielding improved pig germplasm helps in economic growth in piggery enterprises. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of various genetic and non-genetic factors on growth and reproductive performances of 75% crossbred progenies of Large White Yorkshire and indigenous Agonda Goan pigs. Body weights were recorded at birth, weaning, and at monthly intervals up to 10 months of age. Reproductive performances
were also recorded for litter size and weights at birth and weaning stages, age at first farrowing, number of services per conception, farrowing interval, and pre-weaning mortality. The general linear model was used to estimate overall least square means of body weights at different ages considering the effects of different factors at certain levels viz., generation (i = first, second, third, fourth), sex (j = male, female), litter size at birth (k = 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, ≥10), parity (l = 1, 2, ≥3), season (m = summer, rainy, spring), and period of birth (n = 2012–2015, 2016–2019). The heritability and genetic correlations for different traits were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method using WOMBAT software. The re(production) parameters were analyzed to assess the genetic improvement in successive generations. There was significant difference (p < 0.01) in body
weights among different generations where animals belonging to latest generation showed maximum body weights indicating ideal selective breeding in the herd. Other fixed effects also had significant effects on growth performance which clearly signifies to the crucial influence of rearing environment and animal factors like parity of dams as well as litter size at birth. The overall birth weight, weaning weight, and weight at 10 months of age were 1.00 ± 0.01 kg, 7.57 ± 0.07 kg, and 81.58 ± 1.96 kg, respectively. Nevertheless, weaning weight and weight at marketing age (8 months) were 8.04 ± 0.27 kg and 75.48 ± 1.40 kg, respectively, in fourth generation, indicating higher post-weaning growth rate of 337.20 g/day. During this fourth generation, mean litter size at
birth was 8.35 ± 0.43 and litter size at weaning was 7.79 ± 0.39 with lowest percentage of pre-weaning mortality (4.11 ± 1.51). The average age at first farrowing and farrowing interval was 293 ± 17.24 and 195 ± 4.78 days, respectively. There was apparently greater genetic gain in each generation except for the second generation which might be due to the environment and managemental issues that hindered reproductive performance traits and body growth. The heritability estimate for weaning weight was 0.45 and higher heritability values were observed for all the body weights except weight at third month. Genetic as well as phenotypic correlations were moderate to high among the growth traits. The heritability and genetic correlations at birth and weaning indicate the reliability of selection at an early age. The findings indicated that there is scope for improvement through genetic selection in later generations and the 75% crossbred pigs thrived well in the prevailing hot and humid tropical coastal climate. The improved germplasm could satisfy the farmers’ need in a commercial venture with high economic return.Not Availabl
Detection and molecular characterization of sorbitol fermenting non-O157 Escherichia coli from goats
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