1,721,031 research outputs found
The Foundation of Scientific Ornithology: Natural History in John Ray’s The Ornithology
No full text繼傅柯（Michel Foucault）的《事物秩序》（The Order of Things, 1966）出版之 後，史學界即意識到文藝復興後期至十七世紀晚期的自然史經歷了一場典範的轉 移，也就是從文藝復興後期之象徵世界觀，轉移至十七世紀後期之經驗主義。然而 時至今日，此轉移過程中仍然存在著斷裂，而若是對轉變過程及因素缺乏細部的認 識，則容易因時代錯置而產生誤解。約翰•雷（John Ray, 1627-1705）為十七世紀 中後期的一位神職自然史家，他在其出版的《鳥類誌》（The Ornithology of Francis Willughby）中透露其對過去鳥類研究的看法，並宣示對未來知識的展望，由此確立 其鳥類研究以至於自然史的研究取向。本研究期望能夠回到雷的時代，重新認識雷 寫作《鳥類誌》之動機和目的，以及當時英格蘭的學術狀況。 本研究以雷的《鳥類誌》作為主要材料，探討其中的思想與社會文化脈絡的關 係。其思想因素包括法蘭西斯•培根（Francis Bacon, 1561-1626）「真正的知識」， 以及基督教的聖經寓言思想。而背後的社會文化脈絡則包括當時英格蘭「事實」形 成之社會因素，以及皇家學會的學會文化。《鳥類誌》的出版，即是此特殊社會文 化脈絡及思想因素交織下的成果之一。藉由這些因素，雷一來確立了人類研究鳥類 之主動性，並以此主動性將鳥類研究自文藝復興後期的象徵世界觀中阻隔出來；二 來，藉由研究物種之「特有標記」，建立了以經驗為基礎之鳥類「事實」，實踐他對 知識的想法，形成後人所稱之科學鳥類學。From the Renaissance to the late seventeenth century, the view of nature in Europe underwent a fundamental change from the emblematic to the empirical. In this period, English naturalist John Ray introduced an innovative method, “characteristic notes,” in order to accurately describe and identify birds, which lead to a “scientific ornithology” praised by later generations. This thesis will review the intention of Ray’s Ornithology, and show how Baconian thought and the Royal Society influence this work. The thesis will also show that Ray’s Ornithology, based on his religious belief and the policy and culture of the early Royal Society, eventually stripped birds of their emblematic meaning, focused on the method of describing birds, and carried out a classification of birds based on the “facts” he observed and analyzed
Production Control in Batch and Multi-product Manufacturing Systems under Process Queue Time Constraints
No full text本論文探討具有作業等候時間限制下，不同製造系統的允入控制方法。在半導體、液晶顯示面板及其他產業中，製品於系統內之等候時間常受限於特殊製程需求，違反時間限制將導致重工或在製品報廢。此類系統若無妥善之生產控管，將導致生產良率及產能利用率降低，並顯著增加整體生產成本。
另一方面，為了增加系統產出率，能同時加工多個產品之批量機台，常被運用於生產系統中，幫助公司減少生產成本及等候時間。而為了滿足多樣性顧客需求，能加工不同種類產品之多產品機台，亦常利用於生產系統中，幫助公司增加整體收益。因此本研究分別針對批量製造系統及多產品製造系統，探討系統中製品具有等候時間限制情況下，尋求最佳之生產控管方法。
本研究基於馬可夫決策過程，在具有時間限制問題情況下，於批量製造系統提出批量允入控制法則(batch process admission control, BPAC)，於多產品製造系統提出動態允入選擇控制方法(dynamic admission selection control, DASC)。這兩種策略決策目標皆為最小化總生產成本，總生產成本為在製品等候成本及報廢成本加總。相較於文獻中其他方法，模擬結果顯示BPAC及DASC兩種策略，於多個重要之系統績效指標皆有傑出表現。不但減少總生產成本及總報廢產品數量，亦可提高總生產產品數量。This paper studies the admission control method for different manufacturing system with process queue time constraints. In semiconductor, Thin Film Transistor-Liquid Crystal Display (TFT-LCD), other industries, the waiting time of WIP is limited to upper bound in system, the time constraint is called the process queue time constraint (PQT). When the PQT constraint is violated, a significant scrap cost will be accrued. The queue time constraint makes the production control difficult, production managers need to balance the need for achieving production targets and yield quality.
To raise the productivity, batch process machine is widely applied in manufacturing system. The batch machine can process several jobs to reduce waiting time and improve system throughput rate, the increased productivity will facilitate industries to gain more revenue. To fulfill the variety customer demand, multiple product machine is also broadly used in manufacturing system. The multiple product machine can process different type of jobs to meet customers’ diversified demand, the overall revenue will be increased. Hence, this research focuses the batch process manufacturing system and multiple product manufacturing system. Under the PQT problem, we develop the optimal production control method for the manufacturing systems aforementioned.
We use Markov decision processes (MDP) to formulate a batch process admission control (BPAC) model in batch process manufacturing system under PQT constraint. Moreover, we also propose a dynamic admission selection control (DASC) model in multiple product manufacturing system under PQT constraint. The objectives of our policies are to minimize the sum of inventory holding costs and scrap costs. We also conduct simulation study to verify the robustness of our method. The simulation results reveal that our policies significantly reduce total costs while improving throughput and system utilization
Fluorescence and interactions with thiol compounds of Nile Red-adsorbed gold nanoparticles
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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