1,721,697 research outputs found
Allylamine-Adducted Bismaleimides used as a Toughening Agent and Processing Aid for TGDDM/DDS Epoxy Resins and Their Composites
No full textRelationships between the damage of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) and the pheromone trap catches in the first cropping season
No full text分析1991至2000年在嘉義地區一期稻17塊觀察田水稻枯心及白穗發生莖數，與性費洛蒙誘蟲盒捕獲二化螟蛾數及氣象因子之關係，結果顯示第一世代幼蟲危害產生之枯心莖大部始見於3月下旬，高峰期出現於4月15日至24日間，推測其幼蟲大部為3月上、中旬越冬世代成蟲所繁殖之後代；白穗莖始見日以出現於5月中旬水稻抽穗至齊穗期為最高，而白穗高峰期則大部出現於5月下旬水稻糊熟期。高峰期之枯心莖數與3月6日至31日出現越冬成蟲性費洛蒙誘捕蛾數之相關值最高（r＝0.309,P>0.05)，但不顯著，而與2月平均溫度呈顯著之負相關(r＝0.5884,P<0.05）。高峰期白穗莖數與第一世代成蟲於4月21日至5月20日或5月1日至15日性費洛蒙誘捕蛾數及4月21日至5月20日之降雨量或降雨日數均呈顯著相關。依據影響枯心莖及白穗莖之發生數較大之因子，已初步建立或可供預測嘉義地區一期稻枯心及白穗發生程度之預測模式，供進一步試測其適用性。
The relationships between the damage by the rice stem borer in terms of number of dead-heart and white-head tillers of rice in the first rice cropping season and sex pheromone trap catches were analyzed basing on the data collected from 1991 to 2000 at monitoring fields in Chiayi. Results showed that the first appearance of dead heart mostly was observed during the last 10 days of March, and the maximum number appeared in April 15-24 while the white heads were observed firstly in the mid-May during the heading to flowering stage of rice with the maximum number mostly during the dough stage of rice during the last 10 days of May. The correlation between the maximum number of dead-heart tiller and pheromone trap catches during different adult emerging period of overwinter generation was not significant. However, the number of dead-heart tillers correlated closely with the averaged temperature of February (r -0.588, P < 0.05). On the other hand, the maximum number of white head tiller was correlated closely to both the catches of adult of the first generation in pheromone trap and the rainfall from 21 April to 20 May, and also form 1 to 15 May. Based on various important factors that affecting to the damage on rice plants, several predicting equations have bean established for forecasting the possible occurrence of dead-heart and white head of rice in the first cropping season for further check of their validity
Population fluctuations and forecasting of the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera on rice in Chiayi region,
No full text本文係利用1982 至2002 年水稻害蟲偵察田及誘蟲器材調查資料，分析白背
飛蝨在嘉義㆞區稻田之族群變動、影響族群發生豐度因子並藉以建立發生預測模
式，結果顯示白背飛蝨近年來之發生族群密度有逐年增加之趨勢，可能受海外遷
入蟲數增多所致。
The white-backed planthopper (abbr. WBPH) (Sogatella furcifera (Horvath),
Homoptera: Delphacidae) is an important insect pest of rice in Taiwan occasionally.
Present study was conducted to investigate its population fluctuations, to determine
the factors affecting abundance, and to develop the models for forecasting its
population abundance based on the data collected from the monitored fields and traps
from 1982 to 2002 in Chiayi region. Accordin
calibration and validation of a soil-landscape model for predicting soil depth of iron and manganese concretions and grey mottles.
No full text
Application of a soil-landscape model for mapping soil class of depth to concretion and mottles.
No full textReview and Prospects of Integrated Management of Rice Insects in Taiwan
No full text害蟲綜合管理是一種以生態為基礎，以經濟為目的的一種管理策略，主張儘量利用耕作手段及生物與物理之環境阻力，降低害蟲的蟲源及其定棲後族群之增殖率，以抑制害蟲密度於可能造成經濟損失的基準之下，當害蟲密度超越所訂的容許界限時再適時使用適當的葯劑加以抑制。建構此一管理體系除需具備深厚害蟲生態基礎外，並需考慮資源的取得、社會的需求、農友的配合及政府推行的決心，才能落實。本文僅就台灣過去水稻主要害蟲之變遷，經濟危害基準及防治適期的釐定，各種可供抑制害蟲的防治技術，以及害蟲綜合管理實施架構的研究加以綜述，並展望未來發展及落實應用之建議，以供同道參考。害蟲綜合管理的內涵，可隨水稻害蟲的演變、資源的取得以及技術的提升而改變、充實，但最重要的是要整合作物育種、栽培管理、病、蟲、草害的植保人員以及推廣人員，從生態、經濟、及社會的需求面，釐定一套明確、簡單而易行的操作流程，才可能為農民所接受，落實於田間應用。
Insect pest is one of important limitative factor to rice production in Taiwan. This paper reviews the change of rice insect pest status and basing on the ecological characteristics and economic threshold of pests to develop 1PM systems in Taiwan during past 30 years. Basically, it was observed that the infestation of rice insect pest could be successfully suppressed either by reducing the initial population with cultural practices and / or enhancing the biological and physical resistance of the pests to reduce their growth rate after they invaded paddy fields. In the years of 1960 to 1980, the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens was a most destructive insect pest, the BPH resistant varieties combination with judicious application of selective or shorter effective insecticides at the booting stage of rice was suggested for controlling the rice insect pests after heading stage. Lately, the damage caused by BPH reduced greatly due to lower immigration, while the infestation caused by the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and white backed planthopper, Sogatella fucifera increased remarkably. These two species as well as some other species of insect pests, such as whorl maggot, Hydrellia philippina and rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus infested severely on rice in early stage of rice sporadically. In this case, the nursery tray treatment was recommended for control of the initial insect pests, and the need of latter application at the booting state of rice was determined by the treated area of the nurserytray treatment and the supporting levels of water and fertilizer management by farmers. It was obviously that an primary developed 1PM system in rice was gradually accepted by farmers and implemented in their paddy fields. Further improvement of 1PM system in rice is needed urgently. However, the developed system should be simple, effective and practicable to farmers, and that only can be achieved through a close cooperation with the rice breeder culturist, pathologist and the technological extension rpecialists in consideration from ecological social economics, and cultural practical aspects. In other words, the developed 1PM system should be tailored to fit Taiwanese conditions and it should be easily to be fused into local rice cultivated system
Investigation on Biononiics of the Rice Leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) In the South of Taiwan
No full text瘤野螟原為本省偶發性水稻害蟲，近年來常於二期作造成嚴重危害。本蟲係以其幼蟲捲起稻葉並藏匿於捲葉中取食葉片組織，而嚴重影響水稻之光合作用。每隻幼蟲平均可捲稻葉3至5片，隨稻株之生育期而增加，取食葉片面積則隨葉片之老化而減少。以同齡期葉片餵食，其取食葉面積由19.8 cm2至34.0 cm2，其中第五齡蟲之取食面積約佔全幼蟲取食面積之50-74%隨溫度而異。瘤野螟之卵、幼蟲及蛹之發育臨界分別為12.3、11.1及13.9℃，有效積溫分別為60.2、240.8及88.3日度。成蟲壽命隨溫度升高而縮短，但其產卵量則反之，在30℃每雌蟲平均可產卵260粒。在室溫下採田間各生育期水柄葉片連續飼養，本蟲一年可完成10世代，各世代幼蟲發育所需時閒顯受溫度及稻葉品質所左右，以水稻成熟期葉片飼養，幼蟲期顯著地延長，且有3-6%之個體可增加脫皮一次發育至6齡蟲。田間調查發現本蟲在嘉南地區一年可完成九世代，在第一及第二期作每期可遭受三個世代危害，其成蟲高峰分別出現於6月中旬及10月中、下旬。吸式誘蟲燈及雌女誘蟲器均可充分反應本蟲在田間之族群密度。依據本蟲幼蟲密度及被害葉率之進展，發現在第一期作並無防治需要，而二期作則應以第七世代幼蟲期（出現於10月上旬）為防治之重要時期，其防治基準建議定為每叢稻有幼蟲1隻或被害葉3片。
The rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis being a sporadic insect pest of rice in Taiwan, has become increasingly abundant in recent years. The damage caused by this pest to rice plant is mainly by the larva which feeds on the green chlorophyll protion of the leaf, leaving only the underside epidermal membrane along the vein of the leaf. The total rice leaf area consumed per larva during its whole growing period was from 19.3 to 34.7 cm2 and about 50 to 74% of which being caused by the last instar larva. The larva, however usually attacked 3 to 5. leaves before pupation. The threshold temperature for development of egg, larva and pupa were estimated to be
12.3, 11.1 and 13.9℃, and the thermal constants for each above mentioned stage were 60.2, 249.8 and 88.3 day-degrees, respectively. Life span of adult was about 12 days at 30℃ and increased to more than 27 days at 15℃. The average number of egg-laid per female was about 260 at 30℃, 160 at 20℃ and no egg laid at 15℃. The insect could completed 10 generations a year under room temperatures, however, only 9 generations could be traced out basing on the data collected by using three different traps and field investigations. The duration for larvae each generation were affected distinctly by both temperature and food quality, the leaves from ripenning plant stage prolonged the larval period and induced about 3 to 6% larvae developing to 6th instar. Suction light trap and virgin female trap showed more efficiency for monitoring the adult population than the other. Adult population peaks in the first and second rice crop appeared separately in the middle. June and from the middle to the end of October From the population development and infestation of the pest, it is suggested that no control is needed in the first rice crop, while the larval stage of the 7th generation, which appeared usually during the first decade of October, is a suitable time for control of the pest in this area
Assessment of Rice Losses Caused by the Brown Plant Hopper and the Rice Green Leafhopper
No full text褐飛蝨及黑尾葉蟬為目前本省水稻之重要害蟲，兩者均以刺吸式口器自維管束吸取稻株養液為害，在發生密度高時，水稻因營養物質遭受嚴重消耗，以及組織受機械傷害阻碼正常養液之輸送功能，水份之代謝及葉部之同化作用等亦受連帶影響，因此在受害後往往急速枯萎。受害水稻除產量鏡減外，米質亦深受影饗。
水稻因褐飛蝨或黑尾葉蟬為害而引起之產量損失，因栽培品種、時期及害蟲為害密度而有很大差異。一般應用於忙看1•損失方法可歸納為兩類，(1)應用害蟲發生數量推算可能引起之損失。(2)應用稻徠被害程度推算產量損失。前者又可分別於室內盆栽測定及田問害蟲發生盛期時網補取樣推算，被者通常於成熟期按被害微狀如煤污程度、葉枯情形、蝨燒時期枯、死穗率、稔實率、倒伏程度等加以估計。本文中列舉兩種損失估計方法之實例及討論其利弊。
褐飛蝨及黑尾葉蟬經濟為害水平亦在本文介紹討論，由於此項研究尚於萌芽階段以及各地環境不同，因此結果亦大有出入，有待積極加強探討
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