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On the True Reality Doctrine Connotation Revealed by Chi-tsang’s Commentary on The Middle Treatise
No full text本文的主旨是在探討吉藏疏解龍樹造頌、青目注釋的《中論》文義時，透過諸如「顛倒」與「非顛倒」、「我」與「無我」、「生滅」與「無生滅」、乃至「俗諦」與「真諦」等相對概念的往復論議，而嘗試為我們所開設的「入實相門」，到底涵蘊怎樣的哲學思考。作者希望藉由本文所從事的思想分析、以及其相關義理的闡發，顯示吉藏佛學中用以回應「所謂『真實』是什麼」、「怎樣才能觀見『真實』」此項重要議題的一個側面。本文的文獻依據，主要是《中觀論疏》，同時旁及吉藏的其他論著。而所採取的研究進路，則為義理闡釋之進路。至於方法，主要通過對其概念意涵的解析、問題背景的回復、以及義理涵蘊的追究，來達成展示吉藏所建「實相」法門之哲學思考的論文目的。本文的主要論點，略可總括如下：
(1) 吉藏認為站在「畢竟空」的諸法實相之上，由於「有」、「無」乃至「一」、「異」等概念皆不可得其真實的建立依據，因此，經論或說「有我」、或說「無我」，乃至或說「常」、或說「無常」，雖然並非沒有相對的教化意義，但是，施設它們的根本意趣，卻只在於指歸心遊一切法而皆「無所得」的聖智境界。(2) 吉藏指出眾因緣所生的假相或幻有之法，是不離於「實相之體」的「實相之用」；而徹底來說，它們「亦是實相」。因此，如果了解幻有或假相的存在本質，即是緣起；進而不住著在這樣或那樣的幻有、假相之上，便可開啟「實相之門」。(3) 在吉藏論說中，用以引導我們開啟「實相之門」的基本理路，乃是掌握住不離於「因緣」之義的「二諦」教說，來分析、辯明諸如「有」與「無」、「常」與「斷」、乃至「生」與「滅」、「顛倒」與「不顛倒」等法目，根本乃是「二（而）不二」、「不二（而）二」的因緣假說，因此，如果想要逼近真實，就得卸除足以形成虛妄表象的心識運作模式，亦即熄滅那些不能正觀諸法性相的「異想分別」。This thesis is aimed to study the approach when Chi-tsang composed verses of commentary on the Nagarjuna founded and Pivgala annotated Middle Treatise (Chung-lun), how, through back and forth debating on the relativistic concepts such as “delusion” and “non-delusion”, “selfness” and “selflessness”, “arising/ ceasing” and “non-arising /ceasing”, and finally summing-up to “mundane truth” and “noble truth”, he tried to bring up the notion of the “True Reality of All Dharmas”, and established the philosophical contents of Buddhist teaching. With argumentative analysis and elucidation done in this thesis the author expects to assist fellow scholars to understand and grasp a sideway viewpoint in Chi-tsang’s Buddhist thinking, so as to reflect on the essential philosophical issues of “by what it means to see ‘True Reality’ ”, and/or “what the so-called ‘True Reality’ is.”The bibliography of this thesis mainly consists the Commentary on The Middle Treatise (Chung-kuan-lun Su) and other Buddhist writings and commentary works by Chi-tsang. An Argumentative Explanation Approach is adapted as the study approach; as for the methodology, through conceptual connotation analyzing, subject backgrounds reestablishing, and multilayered probing and summarizing of the dogma, it achieves the goal of illustrating the objective that Chi-tsang set to establish the debates on the True Reality philosophy.
The key argumentative points of this article are briefly summarized as follows: Chi-tsang suggests, based on the “Ultimate Emptiness” notion of the true reality of all dharmas dogma, since it is not possible to establish any ideas such as “being” or “non-being” or even “oneness” or “multiplicity”, therefore, when sutras and commentaries write about “selfness” or “selflessness”, or even “permanence” or “impermanence”, although some relativistic pedagogical meanings might exist, nevertheless, in essence the dogma is established with the only intention to relate all phenomenon to the virtuous status of “non- attainment”. In addition, Chi-tsang points out that every causal dharma of false phenomenon or illusory existence, at its heart “is real too.” Therefore, if we understand the existence nature of the illusory or false phenomenon dharma, knowing that it is dependent on arising, and furthermore cease to abide by illusory existence or false phenomenon, we then will be able to open the “Door of True Reality”. By the verses of commentary Chi-tsang teaches us the basic conceptual approach to opening the “Door of True Reality”, which is by griping without parting the “Causation” theory of “Two Truths” doctrine, to carry out analyzing and differentiating issues such as “being” and “non-being”, “permanency” and “non-permanency”, and even “arising” and “ceasing”, “delusion” and “non-delusion”, knowing that basically they are no more than causal hypothesis of “duality but non-duality” or “non-duality but duality”, therefore, in order to approximate the truth, we must liberate ourselves from the mental processing style which forms illusory external phenomena, that is to say, we need to extinguish “differential false thinking” which stops us from observing correctly the genuine truth of dharmas
The Thinking of Resonance (Kan-Ying) in Lu Shi Chun Qiu and Huai-nan Tzu
No full text《呂氏春秋》與《淮南子》是秦漢時期以道家哲學為主軸的兩部重要典籍。本文扣緊「感應」思維、以及其所涉及的義理問題，嘗試分析 與探討呈現在這兩部著作中的感應論述，而希望能對這個議題展開稍進一步的思索。 本文首先解釋「感應」觀念之義涵，接著指出感應思維所關注的哲學問題重點，然後以此理解為背景，開始分析《呂氏春秋》以「類同」 為基本規定的「精氣」感應論述，以及探討《淮南子》從氣類相動到天人感通的感應思想，並且重點指出繼承《呂氏春秋》的「用意」、致「 誠」等，足以獲致感應最大效果的主體修為之外，而為後者所較詳細強調的「無為」、「虛靜」等功夫涵養。最後，本文則是針對與感應思維 有關的「歷時性」(Diachrony)與「同時性」(Synchronicity)二概念，進行初步論究，藉以揭出在感應思維之領域內所可能開發的其他研究 課題。Based on Taoism, Lu shi chun qiu and Huai-nan tzu are two classics of the Qin and Han dynasties. This study is centered on the thinking regarding "Resonance" (Kan-Ying) and the philosophical views it involves. The study also analyzes and discusses the statements of resonant thinking in these two literary texts to offer an insight into this issue. Starting with explaining the concept of "Resonance", the study then points out the philosophical issues that resonant thinking focuses on. In this context, the study analyses the resonant statement of "Essence-Energy" (Jing-Qi), which is a fundamental principle of "Similarity and sameness" in Lu shi chun qiu. Then, it discusses the resonant thought of the "joint movement of Energy" and "Communication between humans and the universe" in Huai-nan tzu. In addition, it illustrates that the inherited concepts of "single-hearted devotion" and "complete sincerity" can achieve the maximum effect of resonance in Lu shi chun qiu, and the idea that the "complete sincerity" emphasizes the ability to exercise "non-action" and to maintain "emptiness-tranquility" in detail. Finally, the study explores the concepts of "Diachrony" and "Synchronicity" related to resonant thinking so as to develop some other possible issues of philosophical research in the field of resonant thinking
Is Jizang’s Thinking Monistic Realism?
No full text本論文扣緊主題——吉藏思想是否為「一元實在論」，而以是實體論、非實體論為關切焦點，嘗試解開吉藏針對如來藏—佛性思想課題所發表的論述到底實情為何，以便據此檢視松本史朗判定吉藏為一元實在論者而其佛學思想屬於流出生成論型態的「一元實在論」之類見解及其論據的正謬。
本論文的主要看法為：
1、「一元實在論」之類見解不能如實反映吉藏佛學思想的真正見地、以及其闡釋佛教法義的根本導向。
2、松本史朗是以其「基體論」之思想偏執，擴而施用於論議吉藏佛學思想；而且由於欠缺「世俗諦」、「第一義諦」有別的明確方法論意識，以致一向只從「世俗諦」立場去闡析吉藏佛學思想。
3、吉藏針對如來藏—佛性思想課題的諸多論見，並未顯示出它們真是流出生成論型態的「一元實在論」。Matsumoto Shiro asserts that Jizang was a monistic realist and that his Buddhist ideas belong to “monistic realism” （一元實在論） as a type of “generation-emanation theory” （流出生成論）. This article plans to unravel Jizang’s viewpoint and argument on tath?gatagarbha or buddha-dh?tu so as to examine whether Matsumoto Shiro’s understanding of tath?gatagarbha or buddha-dh?tu is correct.
This article brings out the following major viewpoints:
1. The “monistic realism” and “source realism” （根源實在論） argued by Matsumoto Shiro cannot truthfully reflect Jizang’s thoughts.
2. The discussion in Matsumoto Shiro’s text does not go profoundly, and his assertion is not authentic. There are two reasons for this: (1) he takes the doctrine of tath?gatagarbha/buddha-dh?tu as the “dh?tu-v?da” and extends it in the discussion of Jizang’s thoughts; (2) he does not distinguish “conventional truth” from “ultimate truth,” so that he only takes the former approach to understanding Jizang’s thoughts.
3. The various views and argument raised by Jizang on the issues of tath?gatagarbha/buddha-dh?tu do not prove that he was a monistic realist
Xunzi's Concept of "Categorization" and His Method of Realizing the "Categorization"
No full text荀子是戰國時期繼孟子之後的一代大儒。而荀子學說，以明辨天人之分，主張人之性惡，提倡禮義法度，重視積學而取法後王為其主要特色。不過，在荀子學說中，異於這些特色而實能貫通其名實論、倫理學說、以及人道理想的一大觀念——「類」，尤其內涵豐富義理，而應受到更多重視與探發。因此，本文嘗試透過「類」字含意的分析論述，闡釋它在哲學理論層面的主要涵蘊，同時也想藉此探察荀子所尚聖人「知通統類」的相關教學重點。 經過以文義解析為主要方法的論究之後，本文初步釐清與歸納出「類」字在日常語意之外的哲學義蘊；亦即在荀子學說中，「類」字具有（1）名實論或知識論意義的「名理」、與（2）倫理學意義的「文理」，以及（3）政法學意義的「法理」等三大內涵。而荀子批判「無類」、「知不能類」的人事與言論，期求實現「知通統類」、能夠「推類」以應萬變的理想人格，就中的主體條件，乃是必須具備專壹、虛靜的「大清明」心境；至於其養成之道，則落實在積「學」、修「行」的種種「兼權」以「解蔽」的功夫之上。Xunzi was a renowned leading scholar following in the footsteps of Mencius in the Warring States period. While Xunzi’s Confucian teaching took a central focus that all people were evil, and emphasized an etiquette and morality-led doctrine that mainly featured a predominant focus on accumulating study and following later kings’ teaching. Nevertheless, among Xunzi’s teachings, a significant concept of his that set it apart from the aforesaid characteristics but served essentially to integrate his practical theory, moral doctrine and humanistic ideology had been the “categorization/class”, which is containing the abundant philosophic theory, so that should be paid attention to and probing into by more scholars. In light of which, the thesis has attempted to interpret its main significance in philosophy through analyzing and interpreting the meaning of “categorization”, and to explore methods of knowing the “intergration of categorization統類”. Upon undergoing a theoretic study premise primarily adopting literature analysis and interpretation, the thesis has initially discerned and recapped the philosophical significance of the phrase “categorization” other than its common usages, meaning that in Xunzi’s teachings, the phrase “categorization” has three distinct meanings of,.(1)logical doctrine in the sense of knowledge acquiring theory;(2)the cultural doctrine in the sense of morality; and(3)the legal doctrine in the sense of the science of the law. And the preeminent criterion in what Xunzi’s had criticized of the assertion, people and things of ignorance and inability to understand the “intergration of categorization統類”, or achieving an adaptable ideal character through reduction reasoning lies in how one needs to possess an undivided, humble clear mind, before one is able to perfect oneself through accumulated learning and disciplinary training
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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