1,720,987 research outputs found
Acanthocephalan fauna of marine fish in Taiwan and the differentiation of three species by ribosomal DNA sequences
No full textStudy on heat shock proteins of Anisakis spp.
No full text海獸胃線蟲寄生於多種海水魚類和頭足類，廣泛分布於世界各大洋，屬於人畜共通傳染病。本研究自台灣東北海域宜蘭(北緯25度，東經121度) 捕撈250尾花腹鯖(Scomber australasicus)。魚體內採集之線蟲經過初步的型態鑑定後，共檢獲502條海獸胃線蟲第三期幼蟲。利用聚合酶連鎖反應-限制酶片段長度多型性技術(Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) 可精確鑑定物種。 由於 DNA 的多型性使限制酶切位點及片段數目發生改變，藉此可建立簡易的海獸胃線蟲屬內分子分類檢索表。本研究共檢測到六種海獸胃線蟲，分別為Anisakis pegreffii, A. typica, A. paggiae, A. brevispiculata, A. physeteris, 和一種重組種(A. pegreffii × A. simplex sensu stricto)。其中三種海獸胃線蟲為新寄主和新地理紀錄: A. paggiae, A. brevispiculata, A. physeteris。A. pegreffii為優勢種(盛行率= 57.2%)，同時亦是造成海獸胃線蟲症的主要病原之一。最大似然估計（Maximum Likelihood）和近鄰相接法（Neighbor-joining method）建立演化樹之結果形成為兩大演化支，一分支為單系群的A. paggiae, A. brevispiculata, A. physeteris,另一分支為獨立出來的A. typica。為了瞭解海獸胃線蟲在溫度壓力下細胞的反應機制，我們選擇熱休克蛋白90為研究目標。目前已知在其他生物體中，它在細胞過程和壓力環境下扮演重要角色。首先，我們利用cDNA 末端快速擴增技術(Rapid amplification of cDNA ends) 選殖放大五種海獸胃線蟲熱休克蛋白90的全長(重組種除外)。藉由定量即時聚合酶鏈鎖反應分析，可偵測熱休克蛋白90轉錄表現。結果顯示在熱刺激(50˚C)下，熱休克蛋白90 mRNA有逐漸增加的趨勢; 在37˚C影響下，其表現量在處理後的前三小時增加， 之後又降回基準值 ; 在冷刺激(4˚C)下，熱休克蛋白90 mRNA表現量沒有明顯改變。此外，當海獸胃線蟲處理在熱刺激下，其熱休克蛋白90蛋白質表現量會隨處理時間增加呈正相關，藉此推測熱休克蛋白90 mRNA和蛋白質表現量會受熱刺激上調，尤其當海獸胃線蟲處於熱壓力下，熱休克蛋白90 mRNA和蛋白質表現會明顯增加。 為了探討熱休克蛋白70和90在海獸胃線蟲生活史中可能參與的角色，尤其是感染型第三期幼蟲和第四期幼蟲的生活史，分別寄生從冷血魚類轉移到恆溫海洋哺乳類動物或意外宿主人類體中，我們檢測熱休克蛋白70和90在不同發育階段的表現量變化。熱圖和演化樹結果顯示，海獸胃線蟲熱休克蛋白70和90推測的胺基酸序列和其他的線蟲熱休克蛋白70和90呈現高度同源性。海獸胃線蟲熱休克蛋白70和90蛋白質三維結構預測與其他生物具有高度保守性。定量即時聚合酶鏈鎖反應和西方點墨分析顯示這兩種蛋白質在第四期幼蟲表現量顯著高於第三期幼蟲。此外，海獸胃線蟲熱休克蛋白70轉錄表現量高於熱休克蛋白90，推測在不同發育階段，這兩種蛋白可能有不同的調控系統。本研究推測海獸胃線蟲熱休克蛋白70和90蛋白質在生物體處於熱壓力環境下扮演重要角色，同時也可能參與海獸胃線蟲的發育過程。Anisakis nematodes were found in a variety of marine fishes around the world and they are known to cause anisakiasis in human hosts. Anisakis third-stage larvae (L3, n = 502) were isolated from 250 spotted mackerel Scomber australasicus caught from the coastal waters of Yilan, in northeastern Taiwan (25◦ N, 121◦ E). Anisakis nematodes were pre-identified morphologically and later molecularly by PCR-RFLP. A simple molecular taxonomic key, utilizing RFLP by two restriction enzymes HinfI and HhaI, enabled the differentiation of the genus Anisakis. We obtained six species of the genus Anisakis, A. pegreffii, A. typica, A. paggiae, A. brevispiculata, A. physeteris, and a recombinant genotype between A. pegreffii and A. simplex sensu stricto. Thereby we provide new host and locality records for A. paggiae, A. brevispiculata and A. physeteris. A. pegreffii was determined to be the dominant species (prevalence = 57.2%) and important agent of human anisakiasis. The phylogeny of the Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor Joining trees show two well supported clades: one includes the species of A. pegreffii and the other includes A. paggiae, A. physeteris and A. brevispiculata, while A. typica has basal position to all other Anisakis spp. analyzed. To analyze the cellular response to temperature stress in Anisakis, the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) was chosen in the study, as it plays a key role in many cellular processes and responds to stress conditions such as heat or cold shock. The Hsp90 genes of five species (except the recombinant genotype) were cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Quantitative RT-PCR showed that Hsp90 transcript levels increased slightly under heat shock (50˚C) treatment, and increased gradually during the first 3 h, and thereafter, returned to its baseline value at 37˚C. Under cold shock (4˚C) treatment, the mRNA expression of Hsp90 did not change significantly. In addition, we found a clear time-dependent Hsp90 protein expression pattern of A. pegreffii exposed to high temperature. Our results suggest that the mRNA and protein expression patterns of Hsp90 are related to the temperature, and are especially significantly increased under heat stress. On the other hand, to elucidate the possible roles of Hsp70 and Hsp90 in the life cycle of the parasitic nematode Anisakis, particularly third- and fourth-stage larvae, which are transferred from cold-blooded fish to warm-blooded marine mammals or accidentally to human hosts, and we examined the expression profiles of Hsp70 and Hsp90 in different developmental stages of A. pegreffii. On heatmap and phylogenetic analysis, ApHsp70 and ApHsp90 shared the highest amino acid sequence identity with other nematodes and formed a monophyletic clade. The three-dimensional (3D) structure prediction of the newly characterized ApHsp70 and known ApHsp90 gene showed highly conserved motifs between A. pegreffii and other species. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis revealed higher mRNA and protein expression for ApHsp70 and ApHsp90 in fourth- than third-stage larvae, with higher mRNA and protein expression for ApHsp70 than ApHsp90. Our results suggest that ApHsp70 and ApHsp90 may play important roles in Anisakis in response to the thermal stress , and might be important molecules in the development of A. pegreffii, which has implications for its control
Asymmetrical Social Incorporation: Exploring State Regulation of Dual Membership in Cross-Strait Migration
No full text公民身分的賦予係屬「歸屬的政治」，國家透過界定何人為公民，何人為非公民來設立歸屬的疆界，疆界內的屬於「我群」，疆界外的屬於「他群」。因此，「社會封閉」原是公民身分的本質，亦是主權國家保有主體性的手段之一。然而，全球化下的人員跨境流動，衝擊傳統的國家公民身分制度，封閉的國家必須回應人員因跨境流動而產生的社會保障不足問題，「公民身分」的概念因此不敷時代所需，代之而起的是「成員身分」的概念。將「成員身分」從「公民身分」的概念區別出來，係由於移民係基於作為當地的「成員」而非當地的「公民」而享有當地一定程度的公民權利。尤其在經濟和社會權利的領域，是否具有正式的國家公民身分重要性已降低，長期居留在當地才是權利享有的關鍵。 兩岸的公民身分制度在全球化的背景下，也面臨同樣的考驗，但與此同時，兩岸主權的重疊，卻讓跨兩岸遷移者的成員身分，與其他遷移至兩岸的外國人相較，有著不同的權利地位。本研究嘗試以「跨兩岸遷移者成員身分」為分析對象，探討兩岸政府提供何種身分待遇給來自對岸的公民，透過何種的管制及融納政策，形塑跨兩岸遷移者特殊的權利地位。 本研究採納Tomas Hammar的理論框架，將兩岸雙方的移民政策區分為入出境、居留許可等外部邊界的管制政策，以及工作權、醫療保險、養老保險、社會救助等內部邊界的管理政策，以此觀察跨兩岸遷移者的成員身分地位。研究發現： 一、兩岸雙方融納跨兩岸遷移者確實存在不對稱格局，台灣方面對大陸地區人民有著比對外國人更嚴格的管制，但大陸方面對待台灣居民與對待外國人從差別不明顯，到差距逐漸擴大，朝「超最惠國待遇」或「國民待遇」的方向前進。 二、原則上，全球化下的人員融納體制受到兩個判準影響：一為對當地經濟有貢獻；二是基於家庭倫常。台灣方面的政策基本上已服膺第二種判準而行；至於第一種判準，政府正努力摒除政治力的干擾，更理性的接納大陸地區人民來台。反觀大陸方面的政策，正逐漸跳脫這兩種判準的綑綁，以不帶限制的「兩岸一家親」態度接納所有身分類別的台灣居民。 三、兩岸政府對於國境線的管控在面臨全球化市場力量與人才競爭時出現退讓，透過修法許可投資遷移者及人才遷移者進入國境內從事專業或商務活動。然而，兩岸的法律一方面對於開放訂有明文，但另一方面卻同時授予行政機關行政裁量權及審查權，使外部邊界管制終究難以脫離政治以及國安的考量。 四、兩岸皆以「戶籍身分」作為公民權利賦予的機制，設立戶籍為取得當地公民身分的必要條件。兩岸因為主權的重疊，因而在關乎兩岸人民身分的法制上，往往規避「國籍」的歸屬，實質公民身分的取得，在於設立戶籍與否。唯有「戶籍身分」才是區隔兩岸人民群體歸屬及國家資源分配的依據。 五、公民身分的本質為我群與他群的識別機制，這個本質在全球化的人員跨境移動下並沒有根本性的改變，而是對我群認定的鬆動，使我群的概念擴大化。兩岸政府依據權利的內容而在我群認定原則上有不同的偏重：在外部邊界管制及工作權上，國族建構的政治考量在兩岸都是主要的規範依據，且雙方在國族建構上的分歧（亦即一方將對方納為己方，另一方卻將對方排除在己方之外），為兩岸不對稱融納的根本原因；醫療保險、養老保險、社會救助等社會保障上，政治考量逐漸被經濟考量所取代，兩岸政府所採取的政策原則上是趨同的，繳費制社會保障基本上不問國（戶）籍，非繳費制或政府負擔比例較高之繳費制社會保障，則基本上限制在國（戶）籍範圍內。 隨著中國大陸在國際經貿體系中扮演越來越吃重的角色，兩岸的不對稱格局如果持續下去，恐將對國家競爭力產生不利的影響。研究建議政府可藉由消除對大陸地區人民的歧視待遇，將兩岸關係引導到正常的政治實體間的關係，並利用賦予大陸地區人民各項權利的機會，加強對其監督與管理，以嘗試在全球區域經濟整合趨勢下的人流自由化與國家安全之間取得平衡點。The entitlement of citizenship is the politics of belonging. By defining citizens from non-citizens, the nation states come to establish the boundary of belonging: within the boundary, there is “we-group”, and outside the boundary there is ""others-group."" Therefore, citizenship by nature is a form of ""social closure"", as a means for the national states to maintain its sovereignty. However, in the context of globalization, people’s movement across territorial boundaries impacts the traditional regime of national citizenship. The nation states must respond to the insufficient social security occurred to immigrants due to their transnational movement. The concept of ""citizenship"" no longer meets the demand of our time, and therefore is replaced by the concept of ""membership."" By separating the concept of ""membership"" from the concept of “citizenship,"" the immigrants are identified as ""members"" rather than ""citizens"" of the local society, but still are entitled to have some degree of civil rights. The importance of holding a full citizenship of a country gradually diminishes, and what is more important for the immigrants is to be granted with the right of long-term residency, which allows the immigrants have certain economic and social rights. In the context of globalization, the citizenship structure on both sides of Taiwan Strait is confronted with the same challenges. However, the overlapping sovereignty on both sides of Taiwan Strait complicates the issues further. Taiwan and China give different status and rights to migrants across the strait from other foreigners who immigrate to Taiwan or mainland China. This study attempts to take the membership of cross-strait migrants as the research subject, and explores what kinds of regulation and incorporation policies the governments on both sides of Taiwan Straits should respectively adopt to shape special status of cross-strait migrants. This study adopts the theoretical framework of Tomas Hammar that distinguishes immigration policy into two parts: regulation policy of the “external border” such as entry, exit of the country and the residence of immigrants, and the management policy of “internal border” such as the right to work, health insurance, pension insurance, and social assistance to the immigrants. This study attempts to observe the membership of the cross-strait migrants with an overview of these policies of both sides. The main findings in this study are as follows: Firstly, an asymmetrical framework exists on two sides of Taiwan Strait incorporating the people from the other side. On the one hand, Taiwan regulates the people from mainland China much strictly than from other countries. On the other hand, at the beginning mainland China gave aliens with no significant difference treatment between those who come from Taiwan and from other countries, but gradually the difference is more and more significant, even toward the direction of ""super Most-Favored-Nation Treatment"" or ""National Treatment."" Secondly, generally speaking, the incorporation policy in the context of globalization is affected by two criteria: the first is the contribution to the local economy, and the second is based on family relationship. Taiwan''s policy has been largely adhering to the second criterion. As for the first criterion, Taiwan’s government is trying to exclude the interference of political power, and with a more rational attitude to accept the people from mainland China. In contrast, mainland China’s policy is gradually moving beyond the restriction of the two criteria, and formulating the ""cross-strait a pro"" attitude to accept all identity categories of Taiwanese. Thirdly, in regulating territorial boundaries the governments of both sides make a concession in facing the forces of global market and talent competition. By revising the immigration laws, both sides permit investment and skilled immigrants to engage in professional or business activities. However, the immigration laws on both sides on the one hand are revised to deregulate, on the other hand are subjected by new regulations under executive review and administrative discretion. This is why the control of external border is highly influenced by the considerations of politics and national security. Fourthly, the both sides of Taiwan Strait take ""household residency membership"" as a mechanism for the entitlement of civil rights. Making initial household registration is the requirement to get citizenship. Because of the overlapping sovereignty of two sides, the legal systems of both sides often deliberately avoid the ""nationality"" of cross-strait migrants. Whether in Taiwan or mainland China, getting substantial citizenship is based on the household registration. On both sides ""household residency membership"" is the basis for identification and for the allocation of national resources. Fifthly, citizenship, as a mechanism to distinguish ""we-group"" and ""others-group,"" has no fundamental change in the trend of globalization. However, the more and more loosening definition of ""we-group"" enlarges the range of ""we-group."" For different rights, the governments of both sides have established different range of ""we-group."" On the regulation of territorial boundaries and the right to work, the political consideration of construction of nationhood is the main normative basis on both sides, and the divergence of cognition about construction of nationhood (namely, one side takes the other side as its own, but the other side doesn’t) is the fundamental reason for shaping the asymmetrical framework of the two sides of Taiwan Strait. On health insurance, pension insurance, and social assistance, the political consideration has been gradually replaced by the economic consideration. The policies of immigrants’ social security on both sides are converging. For contributory benefits, nationality or household register are basically not required as necessary qualifications. As for non-contributory benefits or contributory benefits that need more financial input from the government, nationality or household register are still necessary qualifications. With mainland China playing an increasingly important role in the international trade system, if the asymmetrical framework of the two sides of Taiwan Strait remains, it may cause negative impact on Taiwan''s national competitiveness. This study suggests that Taiwan''s government should eliminate discriminatory treatment against mainland people to guide cross-strait relations toward normal relations between two political entities, and seize the opportunity to entitle mainland people to certain civil rights to strengthen supervision and management on them, in trying to strike a balance between free movement of population and national security in the trend of regional economic integration
Generation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Lung cancer
No full text根據世界衛生組織的統計，最近二十年來全世界的癌症死亡率正快速上升，其中肺癌目前是全世界癌症死因的第一名。肺癌的細胞種類通常分成兩大類型：小細胞肺癌（約佔肺癌發生率的15~20%）與非小細胞肺癌（約佔肺癌發生率的80~85%）。其中非小細胞肺癌又細分為三小項: 肺腺癌(Lung adenocarcinoma)、鱗狀細胞癌 (Squamous cell carcinoma)及大細胞肺癌 (Large cell carcinoma)。以往肺癌的治療方式有手術切除、放射線治療及化學治療，而標的治療始於二十世紀末，用於治療末期肺癌。通常大部分病人治療後的五年存活率都小於15％。由於一般療法常會帶給病人極大的副作用，再加上近年來治療性抗體與生物技術的進步，因而使得抗體在臨床癌症治療上越趨重要。在本篇研究中，我們以一株人類高度轉移肺腺癌CL1-5細胞株免疫BALB/cJ老鼠後，進行融合瘤技術，生產十二株專一性對抗肺癌的單株抗體。接著進行酵素免疫連結吸附反應，流式細胞分析，西方墨點法及免疫組織染色等研究。結果發現其中有四株單株抗體皆能專一性的辨認到肺癌細胞，而和正常上皮細胞、周邊血球細胞及人類正常組織都沒有反應，而且這四株單株抗體對於肺癌的細胞膜蛋白都有很好的結合能力。除此之外，這些單株抗體也可辨認到其他癌細胞的蛋白質，例如：口腔癌及乳癌。另外在細胞凋亡實驗中，也可觀察到LC-Ab 2-37、LC-Ab 8-5、LC-Ab 9-5可以造成肺癌細胞有細胞凋亡的現象產生。另外，我們也使用這些抗體去對肺癌病人組織切片做免疫染色,結果發現這四株單株抗體皆有反應產生。經過以上結果顯示，我們所製備對抗肺癌之單株抗體，的確能夠專一性對抗到癌細胞，因而未來可以運用於腫瘤抗原之基礎研究；也可運用於臨床上，來偵測肺癌抗原的表現及有效的發展肺癌的治療。Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, accounting for one third of all deaths from cancer worldwide. In the United States, accounting for about 29% of all cancer deaths, are expected to happen in 2008. In Taiwan, lung cancer is the first most common cancer and the death rate is the highest among all cancers, accounting for approximately 19.7% of all cancer deaths in 2006. Lung cancer is classified clinically as small (SCLC) (15-20%) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (80-85%) for the purposes of treatment. Current treatment options include surgical resection, platinum-based doublet chemotherapy, and radiation therapy alone or in combination. However, there are many side effects and drug resistance of these treatments. Despite these therapies, the disease is rarely curable and the prognosis is poor, with an overall 5-year survival rate of only 15%. Because monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have the ability to target tumours, and hence enables them to improve the selectivity of other types of anticancer agent. Therapeutic antibodies have established themselves as one of the most important and fastest growing classes of drugs for cancer. In this study, we have generated 12 mAbs which were specifically against CL1-5 and did not cross-react to normal cells including NNM cells, HUVEC, PBMC and normal human tissues. Four mAbs LC-Ab 1-7, LC-Ab 2-37, LC-Ab 8-5 and LC-Ab 9-5 exhibited high specificities against CL1-5. Therefore, we focused on these 4 mAbs to further characterize their biological properties. In Western blot analysis, LC-Ab 1-7, LC-Ab 2-37 and LC-Ab 4-12 recognize a protein with M.W. 60 kDa, 120 kDa and 58 kDa, respectively. These target proteins were also identified in other cancer cell line, including SAS and MDA-MB 231 by flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, LC-Ab 2-37, LC-Ab 8-5 and LC-Ab 9-5 can induce apoptosis of cancer cells using flow cytometric analysis. Results from immunohistochemical staining of human surgical specimen sections by LC-Ab 1-7, LC-Ab 2-37, LC-Ab 8-5 and LC-Ab 9-5 indicated that these mAbs might be promising to be applied in the diagnosis and treatment for NSCLC. According to these data, the target proteins of these mAbs and their possible usage as tumor markers and development of Ab-targeted chemotherapy is warranted.中文摘要…………………………………………………………………………… 3BSTRACT………………………………………………………………………... 4BBREVIATION…………………………………………………………………. 6NTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………… 8ATERIALS & METHODS……………………………………………….…...... 22ESULTS………………………………………………………………………..… 33ISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………….. 39IGURES.................................................................................................................. 46EFERENCES……………………………………………………………………. 7
High Performance of Pentacene Thin-Film Transistor with Self-Assembled Monolayer on Silver Electrodes
No full text在本論文中，主要為自組裝分子修飾之銀電極有機五環素場效電晶體的電性探討。利用調配不同比例的自組裝分子(HDT和FDT)可以成功地修飾銀電極，使銀的功函數和金的功函數極為匹配。由自組裝分子修飾後之銀電極下接觸式有機五環素場效電晶體的載子遷移率可達到0.21 cm2/ Vs，此載子遷移率已超越一般金電極下接觸式的有機五環素場效電晶體。而自組裝分子修飾之銀電極下接觸式有機五環素場效電晶體的臨界電壓比起金電極下接觸式的有機五環素場效電晶體也明顯地大幅度減小。由介面光譜分析可知，經自組裝分子修飾過後，銀電極和有機五環素之間的電洞注入能障大為減少。修飾後銀電極下接觸式有機五環素場效電晶體的飽和汲極-源極電流、載子遷移率等特性皆比金電極下接觸式有機五環素場效電晶體好，主要歸因於有機五環素和電極之間的電洞注入能障減小以及有機五環素在電極和二氧化矽絕緣層成長的晶粒大小差異不大且可視為成長連續的一層薄膜。Excellent performance improvement has been demonstrated of bottom-contact pentacene-based organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) with silver electrodes modified by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of binary mixtures of n-alkanethiol (n-decanethiol, HDT) and the fluorinated analogue (3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluoro-1-decanethiol, FDT). The OTFTs with modified silver (Ag) electrodes exhibit carrier mobility of 0.21 cm2/ Vs, which is faster than most bottom-contact pentacene-based OTFTs with gold (Au) electrodes. The threshold voltage is reduced from -30 V of the devices with Au electrodes to -5.4 V of the devices with modified Ag electrodes. The hole injection barrier is also reduced with modified Ag as indicated by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. The enhancement of the saturation current and the mobility of the devices are due to both the reduction of hole injection barriers and the continuous grain size of pentacene on top of electrodes and dielectrics
Use of helminthes as biological indicators for stock identification and migration of grey mullet Mugil cephalus in the coastal waters of Taiwan
No full text本研究為首次以蠕蟲類寄生蟲作為生物標籤，進行臺灣近海烏魚(Mugil cephalus)系群區分與洄游研究。烏魚採樣時間從2005年12月至2006年12月止，採集地點為基隆嶼附近海域和高雄外海，總計獲得474尾。將烏魚樣本依採集時間點(季節)和地點可區分為三組：基隆冬季樣本組(包含7次樣本，採集時間依序為2005年12/11、12/18、12/29和2006年1/3、1/12、12/12、12/26)和非冬季樣本群(包含4次樣本，採集時間依序為2006年4/25、6/20、10/23、11/29)；而高雄外海僅採獲冬季樣本組(包含5次樣本，採集時間依序為2005年12/7、12/21和2006年12/3、12/4、12/27)，其他月份未捕獲烏魚。
烏魚之主要寄生蟲相包括11種蠕蟲，分屬於圓形動物、扁形動物和棘頭蟲動物等三個動物門。圓形動物門有5種：海獸胃線蟲(Anisakis simplex)、有鉤宮脂線蟲(Hysterothylacium aduncum)、高氏線蟲屬圓蟲(Goezia sp.)、宮脂線蟲屬圓蟲(Hysterothylacium sp.)和帶巾線蟲屬圓蟲(Cucullanus sp.)；5種扁形動物複殖吸蟲亞綱：鯔隱尾吸蟲(Aphanurus mugilus)、鯔漿果吸蟲(Bacciger mugilis)、四管吸蟲屬吸蟲(Tetrochetus sp.)、鯔薩特吸蟲(Saturnius mugilis)、鮻肢盤吸蟲(Podocotyle lizae)；以及1種棘頭蟲：活動新棘吻蟲(Neoechinorhynchus agile)。上列寄生蟲有6種為寄主新紀錄，有9種為地理新紀錄。
分析比較三組烏魚樣本之寄生蟲相和各種寄生蟲之感染參數，而後根據感染之有無、盛行率與平均感染強度之高低等因子，選擇海獸胃線蟲、宮脂線蟲屬圓蟲、鯔隱尾吸蟲以及鮻肢盤吸蟲等4種蠕蟲作為研究烏魚之生物性標籤。
數據顯示：高雄和基隆冬季樣本組皆感染海獸胃線蟲和宮脂線蟲屬圓蟲，且海獸胃線蟲之盛行率和平均感染強度相近，盛行率在高雄、基隆兩地皆為22~23%，平均感染強度皆為1.5~3隻/尾；而宮脂線蟲屬圓蟲盛行率和平均感染強度相近，盛行率在高雄、基隆皆為25~70%，平均感染強度皆為60~106隻/尾；而基隆非冬季樣本組則完全未發現此兩種圓蟲之感染。複殖吸蟲部分，高雄和基隆冬季樣本組皆有鯔隱尾吸蟲和鮻肢盤吸蟲感染，且兩者占每次採樣之所有複殖吸蟲的比例相近，鯔隱尾吸蟲和鮻肢盤吸蟲分別為30~40%和40~50%；而基隆非冬季樣本組則未發現此二種吸蟲感染。
高雄冬季樣本組屬於中國大陸洄游群，本實驗中基隆冬季樣本組和高雄冬季樣本組之優勢寄生蟲相相同且感染參數相近，推論此二組可能同屬中國大陸洄游群。而基隆非冬季樣本組呈現全然不同之寄生蟲相，顯示此組烏魚之生活環境與洄游途徑可能和前二組樣本不同，推論其可能屬於臺灣本地烏魚系群。This thesis is the first report of using biological indicators to study stock identification and migration of grey mullet Mugil cephalus in the coastal waters of Taiwan. A total number of 474 individuals of grey mullets were collected from December 2005 to December 2006 in Keelung and Kaohsiung. According to sampling data, including seasons and locations, sample were divided into three groups: winter samples of Keelung (12/11, 12/18, 12/29 in 2005 and 1/3, 1/12, 12/12, 12/26 in 2006), non-winter samples of Keelung (4/25, 6/20, 10/23, 11/29 in 2006), and winter samples of Kaohsiung (12/7, 12/21 in 2005 and 12/3, 12/4, 12/7 in 2006). In non-winter months there was no grey mullets collected in Kaohsiung.
The main parasitic fauna included 11 species of helminthes, which belong to three phylum, including nematoda, platyhelminthes and acanthocephalans.There were five genus of nematoda including Anisakis simplex, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Goezia sp., Hysterothylacium sp. and Cucullanus sp., and five species of subclass digeneans of platyhelminthes, including Aphanurus mugilus, Bacciger mugilis, Tetrochetus sp., Saturnius mugilis, Podocotyle lizae. Moreover, there is one which is acanthocephalan was Neoechinorhynchus agile. Among them 6 kinds of above-listed parasites are new host records, and 9 kinds are new records of Taiwan.
This thesis analyzed the parasitic fauna of three groups of grey mullet and the infection parameters of parasites, then discussed infection degree, prevalence and mean intensity. We regarded Anisakis simplex, Hysterothylacium sp., Aphanurus mugilus and Podocotyle lizae as biological indicators.
As the result, winter samples of Keelung and Kaohsiung were both infected with Anisakis simplex, Hysterothylacium sp., and the prevalence and mean intensity values of A. simplex and Hysterothylacium sp. in Keelung and Kaohsiung were 22-23%, (2-3) and 25-70%, (60-106). However, non-winter samples of Keelung were not infected. According to records of digenea, winter samples of Keelung and Kaohsiung were both infected with Aphanurus mugilus and Podocotyle lizae., and A. mugilus and P. lizae had similar ratios of all digenea, which were 30-40% and 40-50%. Non-winter samples of Keelung were not infected.
Winter sample group of Kaohsiung belong to migratory stock of main China. According to winter samples of Keelung and Kaohsiung were infected with same dominant species and infection parameters were similar. Thus, we suggest winter samples of Keelung also belong to migratory stock of main China, too. Non-winter samples of Keelung showed different parasitic fauna infection, which asserted their habits and unique migratory route. Possibly, we suggested they was resident stock of Taiwan.表次………………………………………………………………………5
圖次………………………………………………………………………6
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………8
英文摘要……………………………………………………………… 10
壹、前言……………………………………………………………… 12
一、 烏魚對臺灣漁業之重要性………………………………………12
二、 烏魚生物學和生活史……………………………………………13
1. 烏魚形態學及棲息環境……………………………………………13
2. 臺灣洄游烏魚生活史………………………………………………14
三、臺灣烏魚族群結構變動及研究技術…………………………… 15
1. 臺灣洄游烏魚群和本地群烏魚多年爭論之議題…………………15
2. 目前應用在分析烏魚族群結構的方法……………………………16
四、 寄生蟲作為研究魚類和漁業學之生物性標籤…………………18
1. 寄生蟲類生物標籤之魚類系群辨別………………………………18
2. 以寄生性蠕蟲為生物指標研究魚蝦族群之實例…………………20
3.烏魚寄生蟲調查與研究綜述……………………………………… 21
五、 魚類寄生蟲相及特徵之概述……………………………………23
1. 扁形動物門 (Phylum Platyhelminths)…………………………23
2. 圓蟲動物門 (Phylum Nematoda)……………………......... 25
3. 棘頭動物門 (Phylum Acanthocephala)…………………………27
六、研究目的………………………………………………………… 29
貳、材料與方法……………………………………………………… 30
一、 樣品來源…………………………………………………………30
二、 樣品處理……………………………………………………… 30
1. 魚體和內寄生蟲相的檢查…………………………………………30
1.1. 扁形動物門之複殖吸蟲鑑定……………………………………31
1.2. 圓形動物門圓蟲之鑑定…………………………………………32
1.3. 棘頭蟲動物門之鑑定……………………………………………33
2. 烏魚內寄生蟲感染參數分析………………………………………33
三、資料統計分析…………………………………………………… 34
叁、結果……………………………………………………………………… 35
一、烏魚之寄生性蠕蟲相及其特徵描述…………………………… 35
二、烏魚之寄生性蠕蟲感染參數之分析…………………………… 39
1. 基隆烏魚體內寄生蟲相與感染參數之關係………………………39
2. 高雄烏魚體內寄生蟲相與感染參數之關係…………………43
三、 生物標籤之選用…………………………………………………45
四、 烏魚體長與寄生蟲感染參數之關係……………………………45
肆、討論……………………………………………………………………… 47
一、烏魚之寄生性蠕蟲相…………………………………………… 47
二、烏魚食性與寄生蟲感染之關係………………………………… 47
三、寄生蟲作為生物性標籤綜合探討……………………………… 50
四、臺灣近海之烏魚系群探討……………………………………… 53
五、利用寄生蟲做為生物性標籤進行臺灣近海烏魚系群之區分… 55
六、寄生蟲感染與烏魚體長之關係探討…………………………… 55
伍、結論……………………………………………………………… 58
陸、參考文獻………………………………………………………… 6
Effects of various treatments on egg hatching of Dendromonocotyle pipinna (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) infecting the blotched fantail ray, Taeniurops meyeni, in Taiwan
No full textParasitism between Anisakis simplex (Nematoda: Anisakidae) third-stage larvae and the spotted mackerel Scomber australasicus with regard to the application of stock identification
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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