1,721,014 research outputs found
Studies on the phylogenetic, polysaccharide physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory activities of the cultivated Xylaria nigripes
No full text烏苓參 (Xylaria nigripes, XN)是屬於炭角菌科下的一種高價值藥用真菌，在中藥的使用上具有利尿、補心腎、增強免疫、改善失眠及改善手術後失血等功效。本研究目的為確認兩種不同來源人工培養烏苓參TXN與CXN之基源，並進一步了解其子實體中多醣體之物化性質及免疫調節活性。由ITS定序的基源分析結果確認TXN與CXN皆為烏苓參，因此將兩者的ITS序列登錄於NCBI的GenBank資料庫中，登錄碼分別為KJ637786及KJ627787。經過熱水萃取與酵素純化步驟，所得烏苓參純化水溶性多醣TXNP及CXNP之產率分別為8.3%與7.8%，在紅外線吸收光譜中兩者圖譜的曲線呈現相近趨勢，為典型的多醣圖譜，具有羥基、醣苷鍵結及醣單元等特徵吸收峰，其中TXNP為白色粉末，是一種分子量853.8 kDa、具有三螺旋構型的大分子葡聚醣；而CXNP為深棕色粉末，是一種分子量14.7 kDa、不具有三螺旋構型的小分子異質多醣，由木糖、甘露糖及葡萄糖以41.5%、41.4%及17.1%之莫耳比例所組成，由此可知TXNP及CXNP為不相同的烏苓參多醣。在LPS誘發RAW264.7細胞發炎的模式中，TXNP及CXNP呈劑量效應抑制IL-1、TNF-α、NO及PGE2之分泌、iNOS及COX-2之表現及轉錄因子NF-κB之活化，但對IL-6分泌量則無明顯影響，然而TXNP與CXNP則不會影響細胞的存活率，表示以上抑制效果確實來自於TXNP及CXNP的活性，而非多醣處理對RAW264.7細胞造成毒性所引起。這些結果證明烏苓參多醣對發炎相關因子具有良好的調節作用；其中以TXNP的活性較CXNP佳，說明多醣物化性質之差異對活性功效具有不同程度的影響。Xylaria nigripes (XN), also known as Wu Ling Shen, is a high value medicinal fungus belonging to the family Xylariaceae. In traditional Chinese medicine, it possesses the properties of diuretic, invigorating kidney, enhancing immune function, improving insomnia and post-surgery bleeding, and others. This study aimed to confirm the phylogenetic relationship of two cultivated XN that derived from different origins, namely TXN and CXN, as well as examining the physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides prepared from their fruiting bodies. Based on the ITS phylogenetic analysis, TXN and CXN were confirmed to be XN and their ITS sequences have been registered in the NCBI Genbank with accession numbers KJ627786 and KJ627787, respectively. By hot water extraction and enzyme purification, the yields of purified water soluble polysaccharides of TXNP and CXNP were 8.3% and 7.8%, respectively. The FT-IR spectra of these two polysaccharides showed a relatively similar profile, which possessed the characteristic peaks of the hydroxyl group, pyranose ring and glycosidic bond. TXNP was white powders and identified to be a glucan, which had a molecular weight of 853.8 kDa coupled with triple helix conformation. While CXNP was dark brown powders and identified to be a hetropolysaccharide that had a molecular weight of 14.7 kD. The monosaccharide composition of CXNP contained xylose, mannose and glucose in a molar ratio of 41.5%, 41.4% and 17.1%, respectively. Results of these physicochemical properties suggested that TXNP and CXNP were two different kinds of polysaccharides. In the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell inflammation study, results showed that both TXNP and CXNP dose-dependently suppressed the production of IL-1, TNF-α, NO and PGE2, with the exception of IL-6. The expression of iNOS, COX-2 and NF-κB were also down-regulated by these XN polysaccharides. The MTT assay showed that TXNP and CXNP had no effect on RAW264.7 cells viability. Therefore, it implied that these inhibiting activities were actually mediated by TXNP and CXNP, not due to their cytotoxicity. In conclusion, this study indicated that hot water extracted polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of the cultivated XN were effective in modulating the inflammation related factors, in which TXNP was more potent than CXNP; suggesting that the differences in the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides may affect their biological activities
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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