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Encountering the God between Experience and Meaning: Shaping Charismatic Religious Ideology in Taiwan
No full text本文將以臺北靈糧堂青年牧區作為田野調查的對象，企圖討論基督教靈恩運動的信仰價值，及其背後的人觀，而信徒在宗教活動中感受到的經驗與意義，並非本有神聖性與意義，各種對神聖的理解都來自於宗教邏輯背後的意識形態，經驗的意義是來自於意識形態，而非感受到經驗的個體。
首先，本文企圖將重視象徵系統內涵的傳統人類學理論，涵蓋象徵結構如何「被形塑」的過程，感受雖然具有先驗性，但並非每個經驗意義都是神聖的，因而帶入意識形態的討論，且發現近年五旬節/靈恩運動的研究，大多關注靈恩運動的多樣性、人觀與身體感官，較少針對靈恩運動宗教經驗「如何」被賦予意義。
進而，將五旬節/靈恩運動置回基督教傳統的脈絡中，新宗教運動的神學觀念如何與傳統基督教產生差異；且在近百年靈恩運動的歷史過程中，教會逐漸去組織、去宗派化，不重視方言，以及更重視經驗感性、而非神學的理性思考。另一方面，呈現臺北靈糧堂的歷史，不同牧師風格產生不同的教會風格，在1977年開始由周神助轉向，近三十年如何壯大，從獨立教會變成「宗派」，且逐漸靈恩化，如何影響原住民教會，也如何吸納臺灣其他的宗教運動。
但本文的研究焦點主要鎖定在臺北靈糧堂青年牧區，以此為田野調查對象，呈現青年牧區的各樣活動。教會如何透過每年寒暑假舉辦的大型營隊、特會，每週的青年崇拜和小組團契，進而到個人每天的讀經靈修生活，在各個方面影響、灌輸、複習信徒對於靈恩運動人觀的認識。而媒體也是青年牧區善用的媒介，報紙、雜誌、音樂一方面反應青年牧區重視的流行文化，也一方面體現神聖與世俗的協調。
在歸納報導人的改宗經歷時，發現經驗對於運作的重要性。三種類型的改宗者，反應出青年牧區對改宗者的影響力：教會將年輕人視為有思想、能力和意志的獨立人，吸引老基督徒（從小在臺北靈糧堂長大的人）的改宗；教會的活潑、流行和同儕多，吸引老基督徒移民（在別的地方改宗，但因不同因素到青年牧區聚會）的改宗；教會提供的安定感，以及經歷上帝，則吸引新基督徒（在青年牧區改宗者）改宗。即便不同的改宗者處於不同的處境和改宗因素，宗教經驗的真實性卻是所有改宗者的共有的改宗因素。
再者，本文將報導人的主觀宗教經驗歸類為五種類型：說方言、與上帝溝通、財富、醫病與趕鬼釋放，而這五種經驗也體現靈恩運動的人觀。因為上帝的臨在，所以信徒開始說方言，且上帝透過聽覺、視覺與信徒溝通，而上帝是全能的上帝，被上帝臨在的信徒也將體現上帝在財富、健康和成功上的充足，而醫病和趕鬼釋放則體現出外於上帝靈臨在的處境，需要透過被醫治與趕鬼，以繼續維持信徒在上帝靈臨在的狀態。也因此，各樣的宗教經驗事實上都反應靈恩運動強調的「上帝靈臨在」，因為上帝臨在信徒得以有能力、有成功的人生。
但是，這些主觀的經驗模式，若從客觀的宗教邏輯來切入時：靈恩運動的信徒雖有各樣的經驗，但經驗並非完全由信徒個人所詮釋，經驗的意義被賦予背後是一套意識形態的運作。教會各樣的活動所灌輸的教義，透過信徒的身體體現出來，以不斷印證教義的真實性。看似多樣的宗教經驗及其詮釋，也並非是紛雜的，信徒對經驗的詮釋必須依循教會教義的教導，當教會面臨分裂危機時，便透過意識形態整合教會。所以，靈恩運動看似紛雜的多樣宗教經驗，並非是沒有邏輯和一致性，事實上背後運作一套意識形態，掩蓋了詮釋者和非詮釋者、神職人員和信徒之間對於經驗詮釋的權力的不平等關係
Studies on the production of prodigiosin by Serratia marcescens BCRC 11576
No full text中文摘要
Prodigiosin 中文名稱為靈菌紅素，具linear tripyrrole結構，為Serratia marcesens、Vibrio psychroerythrus、Pseudomonas magnesiorubra、Streptomyces spp. 等微生物的二次代謝物。此一色素及其類似物除具有抗生素、免疫抑制劑的生理功效，近年來研究指出prodigiosin及其類似物都具有抗癌的功效。本篇研究以天然基質為基礎，以Serratia marcescens BCRC 11576為生產菌株，再添加了0.5 % 碳酸鈣之後，有效避免培養過程中pH下降的問題。最終培養基定為1.4 % 大豆粉、0.5 % CaO3、0.6 % Fructose、0.1 % KCl、0.05 % MgSO4•7H2O、0.2 % 小麥粉，在27 ℃ 120 rpm下培養兩天後可得81.99 mg prodigiosin / 100 mL broth，培養三天可得96.86 mg prodigiosin / 100 mL broth 的高產量，提供了生產prodigiosin相當經濟的培養條件。Abstract
The structure of prodigiosin is a linar tripyrrole which is a typical secondary metabolite produced by Serratia marcesens, Vibrio psychroerythrus, Pseudomonas magnesiorubra, and Streptomyces spp. The characteristics of prodigiosin families were reported characteristics of having not only having antibiotics and immunosuppressant activities, but also given anticancer activity recently. In this study, the strain, Serratia marcescens BCRC 11576, was used which cultured on a natural medium to produce prodigiosin. In addition, in order to effective to prevent pH in the period of cultivation decrease the culture was added with 0.5 % CaCO3. Finally, a complete natural medium was composed of 1.4 % soybean flour, 0.5 % CaCO3, 0.6% fructose, 0.1 % KCl, 0.05 % MgSO4•7H2O,and 0.2 % wheat flour was established. This medium induced formation of 81.99 mg prodigiosin per 100 mL broth after incubation for two days, and 96.86 mg prodigiosin per 100mL broth for three days under 27 ℃, 120 rpm. Therefore, it seemed so economic a way to produce prodigiosin with this medium.目 次
目 次 I
圖 次 III
表 次 V
中文摘要 VI
英文摘要 VII
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻整理
一、Serratia marcescens之源起、分布、特性、型態及其應用 2
二、Prodigiosin之源起、生合成及其應用 8
三、生產pordigiosin之相關研究 14
參、材料與方法
一、實驗架構 16
二、儀器設備 17
三、材料 18
四、實驗方法 21
肆、結果與討論
一、 Serratia marcescens BCRC 11576在幾個常見培養基上生長情形 30
二、Prodigiosin 生長條件之探討 32
三、其他影響因子之探討 50
四、Prodigiosin之純化 54
五、葡萄糖造成培養液pH值下降成因之探討 57
伍、結論 62
陸、參考文獻 6
Effects of Chitosan/Chondroitin Sulfate/Glutamic Acid Composite Materials on the Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells
No full text適當的幹細胞增殖分化技術及良好的生醫材料在組織工程應用上極為重要。本研究以細胞分化為目標，針對不同生醫材料的效應進行深入研究及探討。本研究使用幾丁聚醣作為主要之生醫材料，並添加硫酸軟骨素及麩胺酸形成各種複合材料以之進行間葉幹細胞之體外培養，並由光學顯微鏡觀察細胞型態以及細胞DNA的定量來探討生醫材料對間葉幹細胞增殖之影響。其次利用即時定量聚合酶反應 (real-time polymerase chain reaction, real-time PCR ) 觀察在不同分化培養基刺激下各基因表現量。Oct-4及Nanog表現量明顯下降，可看出間葉幹細胞已改變其細胞狀態而朝向特定方向分化。針對骨分化成效觀察細胞之骨鈣素 (osteocalcin, OCN) 基因表現並以Alizarin red S染色觀察鈣分泌；脂肪分化成效觀察過氧化體增殖活化受體 (peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-γ2, PPAR-γ2) 與脂蛋白酯酶 (lipoprotein lipase, LPL) 基因表現，並以Oil red O染色觀察油滴分布；軟骨分化成效則觀察aggrecan和第二型膠原蛋白 (type II collagen, Col2) 基因表現量及以Toluidine blue及Safranin O染色觀察醣胺素分佈，結果各生醫材料均對分化有較佳效果。
由實驗結果整體來看，幾丁聚醣材料在加入硫酸軟骨素及麩胺酸雖然無法增加間葉幹細胞之貼附與增殖能力，但在分化實驗中卻較控制組 (TCPS材料) 組有更為優越的效果，在細胞型態上也形成與生理上類似的細胞團塊。在骨分化成效上以幾丁聚醣為佳，在脂肪與軟骨分化成效上則以96/4/8 (幾丁聚醣/硫酸軟骨素/麩胺酸複合材料)為佳，將來在骨骼及軟骨組織工程上，十分具有應用潛力。Suitable stem cell sources with good expansion and differentiation technique, as well as excellent biomaterials are important for tissue engineering applications. In this study, we aimed at the development of new biomaterials for the in vitro expansion and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs). Chondroitin sulfate and glutamic acid were used to modify chitosan in order to prepare composite biomaterials. Inverted microscopy and cellular DNA quantification were used to detect the influence of the biomaterials on the proliferation of BMSCs. Real-time PCR was also used to detect the gene expressions in BMSCs. The gene expressions of Oct-4 and Nanog in BMSCs were lower when they were exposed to a certain differentiation stimuli, thus revealing that cells morphology changed and specific differentiation started. We examine the gene expression of osteocalcin (OCN) and use Alizarin red S staining to detect calcium deposit after BMSCs exposed to osteogenic stimulus (OS), the gene expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-γ2 (PPAR-γ2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and use of Oil red O staining to detect oil secretion when BMSC were exposed to adipogenic stimulus (AS), the gene expression of aggrecan and type II collagen and use of Toluidine blue and Safranin O staining to detect glycosaminoglycan (GAG) when BMSCs were exposed to chondrogenic stimulus (CS) respectively.
In summary, although the addition of chondroitin sulfate and glutamic acid to biomaterial did not improve the attachment and proliferation of BMSCs, the chitosan-based composite biomaterials developed in this study had superior effect than tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) material in cell differentiation. The chitosan biomaterial was suitable for osteogeic differentiation, while chitosan/chondroitin sulfate/glutamic acid composite biomaterial was suitable for adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. Therefore, these biomaterials can be good candidates for bone- and cartilage-repairing tissue engineering applications
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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