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The Political Economy of the Local Police Budget Preparation System in Taiwan
No full text警察制度的發展，常伴隨政治、經濟、社會及文化的演化而變遷。我國地方警察經費編列制度特性，在歷經威權時期、威權轉型時期與民主鞏固時期等三個不同政經環境階段，分別呈現出恩寵式的經費編列制度、黑金派系影響下的經費編列制度，與傾向地方自治的經費編列制度。
依警察法第十六條規定：「地方警察機關預算標準，由中央按各該地區情形分別規劃之。前項警察機關經費，如確屬不足時，得陳請中央補助」。另警察法施行細則第十三條規定：「本法第十六條地方警察機關預算標準，由內政部報請行政院核定施行…」，但從警察法公布實施以來，中央迄今仍未定出各地方警察機關之預算標準。另依「財政收支劃分法」第三十七條規定：「各級政府支出劃分如下：一、由中央立法並執行者，歸中央。二、由直轄市立法並執行者，歸直轄市。三、由縣（市）立法並執行者，歸縣（市）…。前項第一款及第三款如需交由下級政府執行者，其經費負擔，除法律另有規定外，屬委辦事項者，由委辦機關負擔；屬自治事項，由該自治團體自行負擔…」，但長期以來，因中央與地方警察權限劃分未臻明確(憲法、警察法與地制法，對於警察制度、省警政與縣警衛之範疇區別均未明訂)，以致地方警察經費編列權責歸屬爭議不曾間斷。
目前我國警察機關預算之編列，係依警察機關組織隸屬區分，中央警察機關預算由中央政府編列，地方警察機關預算由地方政府編列。惟在地方自治運作體系下，卻衍生出黑金與地方派系箝制警察執法之問題，備受各界重視亟待妥善解決。
我國憲法在1947年公布施行，其制定之背景，係以全中國大陸土地遼闊人口分布廣泛為適用對象，惟以我國目前管轄範圍、居住人口、及各縣市風俗民情，地方警察事務並無「因地制宜」之必要，憲法中央與地方警察分權之結構設計，似乎不適用於臺灣實存之政經環境。且臺灣民主發展至此，在媒體監督與政黨相互制衡下，既使警政回歸中央集權制度，走回威權或警察國家體制之機會亦微乎其微。因此，為了警力統一指揮調度有效打擊犯罪，避免地方派系、黑金箝制警察執法，本文建議將地方警察經費改由中央統籌編列，在面對全球化之挑戰下，警察組織將更能發揮其功能，維護社會治安、打擊各類犯罪。Police systems evolve with political, economic, social, and cultural developments. As our society has chronologically gone through the autocracy phase, the transit phase, and the democracy phase, the local police budget preparation system has correspondingly been influenced by the political leaders’ favor, the political fractions related to black gold politics and municipalism.
According to the Police Law, article 16, “the standards of the local police budgets are regulated by the central government in accordance to the local police situations. If the allocated budget is insufficient, the local police can ask for central government subsidies.” In addition, the Police Law, Enforcement Rule 13 states that “the standards of the local police budget preparation regulated in the Police Law, Article 16, should be reported by the Ministry of the Interior to the Executive Yuan and then be approved and implemented.” However, since the Police Law was issued and enforced, the central government has not made the concrete regulations of the local police budget preparation system. Moreover, the Fiscal Revenue and Expenditure Law, Article 37, regulates that “The expenditures of the central and local governments are implemented in the following ways: A. Those that are issued and enforced by the central government belong to the central government. B. Those that are issued and implemented by the municipalities belong to the municipalities. C. Those that are issued and implemented by the county (municipal) governments belong to the county (municipal) government…When the expenditures in the first subparagraph and third subparagraph of the previous paragraph should be enforced by the subordinate government, unless there are some other regulations, the money should be offered by the agent organization if it is commissioned, but the money should be offered by the autonomy if it is a autonomous affair…” Nevertheless, since there haven’t been any clear rules of rights between national police and local police in any related laws and regulations, the controversies and debates over the rights of and responsibilities for the local police budget preparation have never ceased.
Currently, the police budgets are prepared by the governments the police organizations belong to: the national police budgets are prepared by the central government, and the local police budgets are prepared by the local governments. Regrettably, as the local governments are encouraged to manage their own affairs by the laws, black gold politics and the negative influence of the political fractions have seriously hindered the police from doing their jobs, which has been a great concern of the public and an urgent problem to be solved.
The Constitution of the Republic of China was issued in 1947, at a time when the territory was much larger and the population was much bigger and was distributed much wider. However, at present, with a much smaller territory and population, and hugely different local cultures, it seems that the allocation of local police affairs don’t need vary from place to place. The separation of the rights of the central government police and those of the local police in the Constitution doesn’t fit in our current political and economic circumstances in Taiwan. Furthermore, as democracy has blossomed here in Taiwan with strict supervision from the mass media and the checks and balances of the two parties, it is barely possible for our country to turn into an autocracy or a police state even if centralization is imposed in the police system. Therefore, with a view to effectively dispatching police force to fight against crimes, and to preventing local fractions and black gold politics from crippling police law enforcement, this thesis argues that the budgets of the local police should be prepared by the central government, so that the police force can perform more efficiently and effectively to preserve social order and fight against crimes in the face of the challenges of globalization
Androgen Pathway Stimulates MicroRNA-216a Transcription to Suppress the Tumor Suppressor in Lung Cancer-1 Gene in Early Hepatocarcinogenesis
No full textmicroRNA 可能在癌症中扮演類似致癌基因或是腫瘤抑制基因的重要角色， 而在肝癌 (Hepatocellular carcinoma；HCC) 中也已經發現許多表現異常的 microRNA， 但是在肝癌形成的早期過程， 是否就有 microRNA 變異參與在其中卻很少被探討。 本研究利用肝癌鄰近的非腫瘤組織當作癌症前期組織， 藉著 Real-Time PCR 分析 22 個與 HCC 相關的 microRNA 後， 結果發現 miR-216a 和 miR-224 的表現量在癌症前期就開始異常上升， 其中 miR-216a 的上升現象在男性病患尤其顯著。 後續針對 miR-216a 進行研究性別差異的原因， 結果發現雄激素訊息傳遞路徑會促進肝癌細胞內生性的 pri-miR-216a 表現量， 而且此現象在 B 型肝炎病毒的 X 蛋白 (HBx) 存在下會更加明顯。
利用 5’ RACE 找出 pri-miR-216a 5’ 上游可能之轉錄起始位置 (Transcriptional Starting Site；TSS)， 針對此 TSS 構築數個包含 TSS 上游不同長度之 reporter 質體， 界定 TSS 上游 –603 到 –304 bp 之基因片段為接受雄激素調控之區域。 進一步利用點突變的實驗確認 –349 到 –335 bp 之間的雄激素反應序列 (androgen response element；ARE) 是 AR 調控轉錄的重要關鍵位置。 之後利用染色質免疫沉澱分析 (Chromatin immunoprecipitation；ChIP) 進一步證實受 ligand 刺激的 AR 的確會與 promoter 上的這個 ARE 作結合， 進而去促進 miR-216a 的轉錄。
除了 miR-216a 的上游調控機轉發現外， 我們也發現 miR-216a 會與 TSLC1 抑癌基因的 3’ 端未轉譯區 (3’ untranslated region；3’ UTR) 結合而降低 TSLC1 蛋白質的表現， 進而去促進肝細胞的增生和遷移之活性。 最後分析臨床上男性病患的肝臟組織， 發現從肝癌前期到演變成肝癌的過程， AR 蛋白表現量會增加， 伴隨著 miR-216a 表現上升及 TSLC1 表現下降， 具顯著相關。 本研究因此指出一雄激素訊息傳遞路徑促進 miR-216a 之轉錄進而降低抑癌基因 TSLC1 表現之調控機轉， 對於肝癌形成早期提供了一個新穎的分子機制。Deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is common in advanced human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC); however, the ones involved in early carcinogenesis have not yet been investigated. By examining the expression of 22 HCC-related miRNAs between precancerous and cancerous liver tissues, we found miR-216a and miR-224 were significantly upregulated, starting from the precancerous stage. Furthermore, the elevation of miR-216a was mainly identified in male patients. To study this gender difference, we demonstrated that pri-miR-216a is activated transcriptionally by the androgen pathway in a ligand-dependent manner and is further enhanced by the hepatitis B virus X protein. The transcription initiation site for pri-miR-216a was delineated, and one putative androgen responsive element site was identified within its promoter region. Mutation of this site abolished the elevation of pri-miR-216a by the androgen pathway. One target of miR-216a was shown to be the TSLC1 tumor suppressor mRNA through the three target sites at its 3’ UTR. Finally, the androgen receptor level increased in male liver tissues during hepatocarcinogenesis, starting from the precancerous stage, with a concomitant elevation of miR-216a but a decrease of TSLC1. Conclusion: The current study discovered the upregulation of miRNA-216a by the androgen pathway and a subsequent suppression of TSLC1 as a new mechanism for the androgen pathway in early hepatocarcinogenesis
Heterogeneous wireless network integration and Performance Improvement between WiMAX and LTE
No full text本論文主要討論在LTE( Long Term Evolution)與WiMAX之間異質網路的共構問題，在未來4G系統營運的時候必然會遇到使用者同時擁有不同系統的帳戶，而異質網路系統間互相漫遊(Roaming)將可以解決使用者在使用上的不方便，最主要的目標就是能夠讓使用者察覺不到系統的切換。首先將會探討整個跨系統間換手(Inter-RAT handover)的流程，之中包含著實體層，MAC層以及IP層，並使用PMIPv6來整合兩異質系統間多重IP問題。探討整個流程之後，發現到之中存在著許多的效能瓶頸將會提升跨系統換手的延遲時間，所以我們提出了一個增進效能的網路架構，在兩系統的中間建立一台快取伺服器，此伺服器在我們假定的功能之下，希望可以達到預先連接並把所需要的對應參數存入快取伺服器，當執行跨系統換手時即可馬上讀取此參數節省延遲時間。論文之研究為：， 在不改動WiMAX標準規範的前提之下，建立LTE與WiMAX共構以及Inter-RAT handover 之機制。， 由於跨系統之換手牽涉到實體層往上到IP層，於是提出數學計算與Queueing Network結合之分析方法。， 加入快取伺服器以期縮短換手時間並提升成功率。This thesis is about heterogeneous wireless network integration, we consider LTE(Long Term Evolution) with WiMAX ‘s case. When next generation technique is start to use, user may have different account in different wireless network system in the future. It’s convenient for user that each heterogeneous system can roaming to another. And the main objective is user will not notice that they are roaming to another system. First we will discuss the whole procedure about inter-RAT (Radio Access Technique) which across physical layer, MAC layer and IP layer. And we will use Proxy MIPv6 to solve multi-IP problem in heterogeneous network. After discuss the procedure, we will find that there exist some bottleneck which will cause unnecessary delay. Based on the analysis result, we bring out a new element to improve the performance about inter-RAT handover. We add a cache server between LTE and WiMAX. We expect to decrease inter-RAT handover delay by user “pre-connect”. Pre-connect will store the information we need into cache server. Our main contributions are as follow: 1. We build up a Inter-RAT handover procedure in LTE integrate WiMAX scenario without changing WiMAX ’s standard. 2. Inter-RAT handover procedure across three different layer from physical to IP. So we analysis this procedure in meth way and queueing network model. 3. Decrease inter-RAT handover delay time by adding a cache server.口試委員會審定書………………………………………………………………… i謝…………………………………………………………………………………. ii文摘要…………………………………………………………………………… iii文摘要……………………………………………………………………………. iv一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………….. 1.1 前言………………………………………………………………………1.2 近代無線通訊發展概述……………………………………………… 2.2.1 3GPP 旗下的技術演進……………………………………………2.2.2 LTE 系統簡介 …………………………………………………4.2.3 IEEE 旗下802 家族之概述…………………………………………7.2.4 802.16 系統簡介…………………………………………………..10.3 異質網路間共構與換手…………………………………………………12.3.1 異質網路之情境…………………………………………………12.3.2 IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) ………………13.4 研究動機…………………………………………………………………15.5 論文架構…………………………………………………………………16二章 LTE 與WiMAX 共構及Inter-RAT handover………………………………18. 1 Mobile IP…………………………………………………………………..18.1.1 Mobile IP 之運作機制………………………………………………19.1.2 Proxy Mobile IP………………………………………………………20.2 LTE 與WiMAX 共構之網路架構…………………………………………24.2.1 LTE 網路架構………………………………………………………24.2.2 WiMAX 網路架構…………………………………………………32.3 Inter-RAT handover………………………………………………………35.3.1 網路架構……………………………………………………………35.3.2 網路之探索與選擇…………………………………………………37.3.3 LTE 與WiMAX 使用ANDSF 之機制……………………………37.3.3 Inter-RAT handover 程序…………………………………………39.4 本章小結……………………………………………………………………40三章 LTE 與WiMAX 間Inter-RAT handover 之延遲分析……………………42.1 Inter-RAT handover 延遲描述……………………………………………42.1.1 同步延遲syn T ………………………………………………………43.1.2 測距延遲Rng T ………………………………………………………43.1.3 授權與金鑰交換auth T ………………………………………………45.1.4 註冊延遲Reg T ………………………………………………………46.1.5 PMIP 延遲PMIP T ……………………………………………………46.2 Queueing Network …………………………………………………………46.3 分析結果…………………………………………………………………49.4 本章小結…………………………………………………………………54四章 加入快取伺服器(cache server)之Inter-RAT handover ……………………56.1 研究目的…………………………………………………………………56.2 快取伺服器(cache server) …………………………………………………57.3 WiMAX 底下之快速基地台轉換FBSS…………………………………58.4 Cache server 輔助之預先連接pre-connect………………………………59.4.1 WiMAX 之pre-connect …………………………………………60.4.2 LTE 之pre-connect………………………………………………61.5 在cache server 輔助之下的Inter-RAT handover …………………………63.5.1 LTE 藉由cache server 幫助換手到WiMAX ……………………63.5.2 WiMAX 藉由cache server 幫助換手到LTE……………………64.6 分析結果…………………………………………………………………65.7 本章小結…………………………………………………………………72五章 全文總結與未來展望……………………………………………………74.1 各章節回顧……………………………………………………………74.2 未來展望…………………………………………………………………76考文獻…………………………………………………………………….…… 7
Subchronic Effects of Concentrated Ambient Particles on Cardiovascular Toxicity in Myocardial Injury Rats
No full text流行病學研究指出，大氣微粒會造成心臟衰竭住院率及死亡率的上升，然而機轉還不清楚。本研究目的在探討，長期暴露濃縮大氣微粒，對心肌損傷大鼠心血管系統的亞慢性效應。SD大鼠注射 isoproterenol (150mg/kg)後造成心肌損傷，作為心肌受損疾病動物模式，再以細粒徑微粒濃縮器 (濃縮倍率約6.4倍)，進行長期微粒全身性呼吸暴露 (每天五小時，每週四天，共三個月)，並以呼吸過濾空氣之大鼠作為對照組。結果發現，大氣濃縮微粒暴露會使凝血功能指標 Fibrinogen上升 (190.7 ± 15.0 vs 160.5 ± 24.2 mg/dL, p < .05)，心跳變異性指標HF顯著上升(0.77 ± 0.15 vs 0.31 ± 0.05ms2, p < .05)，而心臟衰竭指標BNP及發炎指標CRP則無顯著變化。研究發現以心肌受損大鼠暴露大氣微粒，對左心室功能並無顯著的急性與慢性效應，但有明顯凝血功能指標fibrinogen上升及心臟自律調節功能改變，顯示在目前大氣微粒濃度下，經慢性暴露後心血管危險因子仍可能上升，微粒空氣污染對心血管的效應值得進一步研究。Epidemiologic studies have shown that ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with the mortality and hospital admissions of congestive heart failure. However, the mechanism is still unclear. The goal of this study is to investigate the subchronic effects of concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) on cardiovascular toxicity in rats with myocardial injury. Male SD rats received 150 mg/kg isoproterenol by subcutaneous injection to induce myocardial injury. Ultrafine particle concentrator (UFPC) was used for subchronic CAPs exposure (Whole body inhalation exposure, 5hours/day, 4days/week for 13 weeks). Compared to filter air inhalation controls, CAPs exposure group had significantly higher fibrinogen level (190.7 ±15.0 vs 160.5 ±24.2 mg/dL, p < .05); heart rate variability parameters, HF level, was higher in CAPs exposure group than controls (0.77 ± 0.15 vs 0.31 ± 0.05ms2, p < .05). CAPs group also had higher BNP and CRP level but not significant. Our results showed that PM exposure in rats with myocardial injury had no obvious acute or chronic effect in left ventricle, but increased fibrinogen level and altered cardiac autonomic function. Our results suggest cardiovascular risk factors may increase after chronic exposure to ambient particle under present PM concentration.目錄 I目錄 IV目錄 V要 1bstract 2、研究目的 3、文獻探討 4-1微粒空氣汙染相關研究 4-1-1大氣微粒流行病學研究 4-1-2大氣微粒對心血管疾病之流病研究 4-1-3大氣微粒對心血管疾病之毒理研究 5-1-4大氣微粒對心血管效應之機轉 6-2大氣微粒對心衰竭之相關研究 6-2-1大氣微粒對心衰竭之流病研究 6-2-2大氣微粒對心衰竭之毒理研究 7-2-3心臟衰竭之病生理 7-2-4左心室功能不全指標-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) 8-2-5循環生理指標(hemodynamic) 8-2-6心肌損傷大鼠模式 9-3 心肺功能相關指標 10-3-1系統性發炎指標-C reactive protein (CRP) 10-3-2血液凝集指標-Fibrinogen 10-3-3肺部傷害及發炎指標 11-4 大氣微粒對心律變異性之相關研究 11-4-1心律變異性 11-4-2大氣微粒對心律變異性影響之流病研究 12-4-3大氣微粒對心律變異性影響之毒理研究 13-5 暴露方式與暴露系統 14-5-1呼吸暴露方式 14-5-2全身暴露系統 (Whole-Body Exposure system) 15-5-3細粒徑微粒濃縮器 15、材料與方法 17-1動物飼養及動物模式 17-2暴露方法 17-3左心室功能與系統發炎指標測量 18-4血液凝集指標測量 19-5肺部發炎反應生化值(肺泡灌洗液)測量 19-6血行動力學指標測量 20-7心跳變異性指標測量 20-8統計分析方法 21-9實驗流程 22、結果 24-1 暴露系統 24-2 心臟重量 24-3 肺部發炎指標 25-4 血行動力學 25-5 心跳變異性指標 (HRV) 26-6 左心室功能不全指標 (BNP) 26-7 系統性發炎指標 (CRP) 27-8 血液凝集指標 (Fibrinogen) 27、討論 28、結論與建議 39、表格與圖片 40、參考文獻 4
Label Relation Based Scene Classification Using CNNs and LSTM
No full text 在傳統的場景辨識方法中，通常假設每一個標籤是互斥的，但是這常常是不合理的，因為在場景的標籤中，可能會有一些關係，例如：雪山的場景同時屬於山跟雪兩個標籤，所以這是一個多標籤的場景辨識。其中，我們整理了兩個最主要的關係，階層式關係與互斥關係。希望透過這兩個關係來讓辨識結果更加的合理。 我們提出兩個方法，第一個方法是基於階層式的卷積類神經網路與關係圖結構，相對於傳統的假設標籤互斥的方法，我們假設圖的路徑是互斥的。但由於這個方法是需要對資料庫做預處理，同時需要人工建立關係圖。因此我們提出另外一個基於長短期記憶單元的方法，由於我們認為語言中的文法很像是標籤關係，因此我們透過長短期記憶單元的結構，來訓練出語言模型，並產生關於場景的敘述，這個敘述就是辨識的結果。從最後的模擬結果我們可以發現我們提出的兩個方法都比過往的多類別場景辨識結果要好，另外，基於長短期記憶單元的方法又比階層式卷積神經網路的方法好。In traditional scene classification, they assume the labels are mutually exclusive. But there are some relations between the labels. For example, the snow mountain scene must belong to both mountain and snow labels. Therefore, the results of the traditional label relations are not reasonable. We want to predict a more reasonable result based on the label relations. We conclude two relations, which are hierarchy relation and exclusive relation. We proposed two algorithms, the first algorithm is based on the hierarchy CNN and the label relation graph structure. We assume the paths in the graph are mutually exclusive instead of assuming the labels are mutually exclusive. But this algorithms need pre-processing of the dataset and we need to build the label relation graph in manual. Therefore, we proposed another algorithm which is based on the long short-term memory. The idea is the grammar between the words in the sentence is like the label relations between the labels. This is very like the image captioning work. Therefore, we train a language model to model the label relations and use the long short-term memory structure to produce the description of the image. The description of the image is our predict result. The simulation result suggests that the algorithms we proposed are better than other multi-label scene classification methods. In addition, the algorithm based on the long short-term memory is better than the algorithm based on the hierarchy convolutional neural network
Antibodies against the Activated Coagulation Factor X (Fxa) in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome That Interfere with the Fxa Inactivation by Antithrombin
No full textAntiphospholipid Ab have been shown to promote thrombosis and fetal loss in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Previously, we found IgG anti- thrombin Ab in some APS patients that could interfere with inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin (AT). Considering that activated coagulation factor X (FXa) is homologous to thrombin in the catalytic domains and is also regulated primarily by AT, we hypothesized that some thrombin- reactive Ab may bind to FXa and interfere with AT inactivation of FXa. To test these hypotheses, we studied reactivity of eight patient-derived monoclonal IgG antiphospholipid Ab with FXa and the presence of IgG anti- FXa Ab in APS patients and investigated the effects of FXa-reactive mAb on AT inactivation of FXa. The results revealed that six of six thrombin- reactive IgG mAb bound to FXa and that the levels of plasma IgG anti-FXa Ab in 38 APS patients were significantly higher than those in 30 normal controls (p < 0.001). When the mean plus 3 SDs of the 30 normal controls was used as the cutoff, 5 of 38 AN patients (13.2%) had IgG anti-FXa Ab. Importantly, three of six FXa-reactive mAb significantly inhibited AT inactivation of FXa. Combined, these results indicate that anti-FXa Ab may contribute to thrombosis by interfering with the anticoagulant function of AT on FXa in some APS patients
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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