84 research outputs found
Aspects epidemiologiques, etiologiques, cliniques et evolutifs de la cirrhose a l’hopital yalgado ouedraogo (à propos de 106 cas)
No full textIntroduction :
La cirrhose est une maladie fréquente dans le monde et particulièrement en Afrique. Ses principales étiologies sont dominées par l’hépatite B, l’alcool et l’hépatite C. Elle est asymptomatique quand elle est compensée et l’apparition de signes traduit le plus souvent la décompensation de la maladie à l’origine des décès.
But de l’étude :
Approcher les différents aspects épidémiologiques, étiologiques, diagnostic et évolutifs de la cirrhose au Burkina Faso.
Patients et méthode :
Etude rétrospective durant la période 1er janvier 2012 au 31 décembre 2012 portant sur 106 cas atteints de cirrhose. Les paramètres recueillis comportaient : l’âge, le sexe, les antécédents. Les patients ont bénéficié d’un examen physique complet, des examens biologiques, morphologiques et endoscopiques.
Résultats :
Nos résultats ont montré une prédominance masculine avec une tranche d’âge de 40-49 ans. L’hépatite B constituait la principale étiologie et l’alcool jouait un rôle de cofacteur. L‘ascite constituait la principale complication ainsi que le principal mode de révélation de la maladie. L’hépatomégalie douloureuse à bord inferieur tranchant était le plus souvent retrouvée à la clinique. Le taux de décès était de 37%.
Conclusions
La cirrhose est une maladie pourvoyeuse de décès. Son diagnostic se fait le plus souvent au stade de complication. Sa prise en charge consiste au traitement de ses complications et au traitement étiologique
Couplage de modèles mathématiques et informatiques pour l'étude de la transhumance sahélienne : cas du Sénégal
No full textTranshumance is a pastoral, socio-economic, and environmental mobility widely practiced in the Sahel. It involves a set of seasonal herd movements led by transhumants from their terroir of origin to one or more host terroirs, passing through transit camps. On the one hand, these movements fulfill the need for efficient subsistence of herds and transhumants in ecosystems subject to high seasonal and climatic variability. On the other hand, they must also support the community life of transhumants. Without considering the interactions of transhumant herds with their ecosystem, herds are perceived as significant GreenHouse Gas (GHG) emitters. As a result, establishing the balance of GHG emissions from Sahelian herds, taking into account their interactions with elements of the pastoral ecosystem, is a major challenge for strategies to reduce global warming. In this thesis, we formalize and simulate Sahelian transhumance, particularly that of Senegal, as a complex adaptive system to determine the spaces used by transhumant herds. To account for the maximum level of socio-economic and environmental complexity, we integrate mathematical and computational formalisms based on a systemic analysis of transhumant herd movements. A systemic analysis allows us to formalize transhumance as a complex adaptive system. Mathematics then enabled us to: (1) Characterize transhumance as a vector function of several variables. (2) Characterize transhumance as a vector function of several variables. The vertices of these graphs represent the places where the herds are moved, while the edges symbolize the rational decision-making processes of the transhumants. Additionally, the mathematical formalization of herd movements facilitated the design of the following: (1) A real-time transhumant monitoring and warning system, which draws on discrete mathematics (topology and geometry) and the Hough transform. (2) Three agent-based models: (a) The first model prioritizes the impact of each herd movement factor on its spatio-temporal distribution; (b) The second model determines the spatio-temporal distribution of herds and assesses their impact on vegetation at a macroscopic scale; (c) The third model simulates an artificial transhumance, determining the space used by herds through a coupling of models. This coupling involves a multi-objective optimization problem integrated into an agent-based model, considering the majority of agents and interactions involved in transhumance.La transhumance est une mobilité pastorale, socio-économique et environnementale, très pratiquée au Sahel. Elle est un ensemble de déplacements saisonniers de troupeaux conduits par des transhumants de leur terroir d'origine vers un ou plusieurs terroirs d'accueil, en passant par des campements de transit. Ces déplacements satisfont d'une part, la subsistance efficiente des troupeaux et des transhumants dans des écosystèmes soumis à de fortes variabilités saisonnières et climatiques. D'autre part, ils doivent satisfaire à la vie communautaire des transhumants. Sans tenir compte des interactions des troupeaux transhumants avec leur écosystème, les troupeaux sont considérés comme fortement émetteurs de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES). De ce fait, établir le bilan des GES lié aux troupeaux sahéliens en considérant leurs interactions avec les éléments de l'écosystème pastoral est un enjeu dans les stratégies de réduction du réchauffement climatique. Dans cette thèse, nous formalisons et simulons la transhumance sahélienne, particulièrement celle du Sénégal, en tant que système complexe adaptatif dans l'objectif de déterminer les espaces utilisés par les troupeaux transhumants. Afin de considérer un maximum de complexité socio-économique et environnementale, nous effectuons des couplages de formalismes mathématiques et informatiques basés sur une analyse systémique des déplacements des troupeaux transhumants. De cette analyse systémique, nous avons formalisé la transhumance comme un système complexe adaptatif. Puis, les mathématiques nous ont permis de: (1) Caractériser la transhumance en tant que fonction vectorielle de plusieurs variables; (2) Formaliser les déplacements de troupeaux sous forme de graphes orientés multivalués, dont les valuations résultent d'un problème d'optimisation multiobjectif sous contraintes. Les sommets des graphes représentent les lieux où les troupeaux sont conduits. Les arêtes résultent des processus de prise de décision rationnelle des transhumants. De plus, la formalisation mathématique des déplacements de troupeaux a permis de concevoir: (1) Un système de suivi et d'alerte en temps réel pour les transhumants, basé sur des mathématiques discrètes et sur la transformée de Hough. (2) Trois modèles à base d'agent: (a) Le premier modèle hiérarchise l'impact de chaque facteur de déplacement de troupeaux sur leur répartition spatio-temporelle; (b) Le deuxième modèle détermine la répartition spatio-temporelle des troupeaux évalue leur impact sur la végétation à l'échelle macroscopique; (c) Le troisième modèle simule une transhumance artificielle, déterminant l'espace utilisé par les troupeaux grâce à un couplage de modèles. Ce couplage intègre le problème d'optimisation multi-objectif dans un modèle à base d'agent, considérant la majorité des agents et des interactions impliquées dans la transhumance
Why Do Women with Breast Cancer Get Diagnosed and Treated Late in Sub-Saharan Africa Perspectives from Women and Patients in Bamako, Mali
No full text<b><i>Background:</i></b> Breast cancer, the most common cancer among women worldwide, has a high mortality rate in low-income countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, most breast cancer patients are diagnosed with advanced disease. Some studies have quantified the time delay to diagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa, but very few have used qualitative methods to understand barriers leading to delay. This study analyses barriers throughout a breast cancer patient's pathway from symptom recognition to treatment in Mali. <b><i>Method:</i></b> Three focus group discussions were conducted. The model of pathways to treatment was used to structure the results into 4 time intervals: appraisal, help-seeking, diagnosis, and treatment, with a focus on barriers during each interval. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The main barriers during the appraisal interval were a low level of breast cancer knowledge among women, their families, and medical professionals, and during the help-seeking interval, mistrust in the community health care centers and economic hardship. Barriers during the diagnosis interval were low quality of health care services and lack of social support, and during the pretreatment interval high costs and lack of specialized services. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Multilevel interventions are needed to ensure access, availability, and affordability of a minimum standard of care for breast cancer patients in sub-Saharan Africa.</jats:p
The role of Plasmodium falciparum var genes in malaria in pregnancy
No full textSequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in the placenta is responsible for many of the harmful effects of malaria during pregnancy. Sequestration occurs as a result of parasite adhesion molecules expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes binding to host receptors in the placenta such as chondroitin sulphate A (CSA). Identification of the parasite ligand(s) responsible for placental adhesion could lead to the development of a vaccine to induce antibodies to prevent placental sequestration. Such a vaccine would reduce the maternal anaemia and infant deaths that are associated with malaria in pregnancy. Current research indicates that the parasite ligands mediating placental adhesion may be members of the P. falciparum variant surface antigen family PfEMP1, encoded by var genes. Two relatively well-conserved subfamilies of var genes have been implicated in placental adhesion, however, their role remains controversial. This review examines the evidence for and against the involvement of var genes in placental adhesion, and considers whether the most appropriate vaccine candidates have yet been identified
A well-conserved Plasmodium falciparum var gene shows an unusual stage-specific transcript pattern
No full textThe var multicopy gene family encodes Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) variant antigens, which, through their ability to adhere to a variety of host receptors, are thought to be important virulence factors. The predominant expression of a single cytoadherent PfEMP1 type on an infected red blood cell, and the switching between different PfEMP1 types to evade host protective antibody responses, are processes thought to be controlled at the transcriptional level. Contradictory data have been published on the timing of var gene transcription. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) data suggested that transcription of the predominant var gene occurs in the later (pigmented trophozoite) stages, whereas Northern blot data indicated such transcripts only in early (ring) stages. We investigated this discrepancy by Northern blot, with probes covering a diverse var gene repertoire. We confirm that almost all var transcript types were detected only in ring stages. However, one type, the well-conserved varCSA transcript, was present constitutively in different laboratory parasites and does not appear to undergo antigenic variation. Although varCSA has been shown to encode a chondroitin sulphate A (CSA)-binding PfEMP1, we find that the presence of full-length varCSA transcripts does not correlate with the CSA-binding phenotype
Prevalence of LST positivity by district (A) and by site (B).
No full textPrevalence of LST positivity by district (A) and by site (B).</p
Prevalence of LST positivity by age group for the district of Diema (A) and for all study sites (B).
No full textPrevalence of LST positivity by age group for the district of Diema (A) and for all study sites (B).</p
Identification of immunological biomarkers which may differentiate latent tuberculosis from exposure to environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria in children.
No full textA positive gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6)/culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) has been taken to indicate latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, but it may also be due to exposure to environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria in which ESAT-6 homologues are present. We assessed the immune responses to M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 and cross-reactive responses to ESAT-6 homologues of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium kansasii. Archived culture supernatant samples from children at 3 years post-BCG vaccination were tested for cytokine/chemokine responses to M. tuberculosis antigens. Furthermore, the IFN-γ responses to M. tuberculosis antigens were followed up for 40 children at 8 years post-BCG vaccination, and 15 TB patients were recruited as a control group for the M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 response in Malawi. IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) on supernatants from diluted whole-blood assays, IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays, QuantiFERON TB Gold-In Tube tests, and multiplex bead assays were performed. More than 45% of the responders to M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 showed IFN-γ responses to M. avium and M. kansasii ESAT-6. In response to M. tuberculosis ESAT-6/CFP-10, interleukin 5 (IL-5), IL-9, IL-13, and IL-17 differentiated the stronger IFN-γ responders to M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 from those who preferentially responded to M. kansasii and M. avium ESAT-6. A cytokine/chemokine signature of IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-17 was identified as a putative immunological biosignature to differentiate latent TB infection from exposure to M. avium and M. kansasii in Malawian children, indicating that this signature might be particularly informative in areas where both TB and exposure to environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria are endemic
Rhynchobombyx nicolasroberteaton Prozorov, Saldaitis & Muller 2021, sp. n.
No full text<p> <b> <i>Rhynchobombyx nicolasroberteaton</i> Prozorov, Saldaitis & Müller sp. n.</b> </p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8B4CE762-457F-4830-860B-701219A57867</p> <p>(Figs 37–42, 50–51)</p> <p> <b>Type material:</b> <b>HOLOTYPE</b> ♂, <b>DRC</b>, [Kasaï Prov.] Kasaï- Occidental Prov., NE Ilebo and Kasai River, XI.1997, genitalia slide 0634 (CGM / BUM). <b>PARATYPES</b> (10♂ total): 9♂, data as for holotype but collected in XII and II.1997, genitalia slides 0632, 0633 (CGM / BUM); <b>DRC</b>: 1♂, Mai- Ndombe Prov., Ekongo camp, 02°45’23.09”S, 20°18’55.37”E, XI.2017, leg. A. & T. Prozorovs, V. Kravchenko et al. (CGM / BUM).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Externally the species darker than the others, resembles <i>Rh. julianjameseaton</i>, but with forewing concavity between CuA 2 and 1A.</p> <p> <b>Description. Male habitus</b> (Figs 37–39). Head, thorax and abdomen brown. Thorax bears dorsal triangular dark brown spot with pale center; dark brown line goes from the spot towards head. Forewing length: 14–15 mm; wingspan: 29–31 mm. Wing oval-shaped, apex obtuse, external margin slightly waved with concavity between CuA 2 and 1A. Pattern marmorate, orangish brown and brown with multiplied light and dark antemedial, postmedial and external crenulate lines; and blackish discal dot on R-Cu cell outer margin. Cilia brown. Hindwing oval-shaped, external margin rounded, slightly waved. Main color yellowish or reddish brown, darkens caudally. Cilia brown. <b>Male genitalia</b> (Figs 40–42). Tegumen band-shaped, bears two short projections with sharpen apexes and covered with chaetae along. Vinculum thin, ventrally widened into cup-like form. Sacculus elongated, finger-shaped with blunt apex. Cucullus tuber-like, covered with chaetae. Juxta a tiny plate fused with aedeagus. Aedeagus cylindrical with small uneven dorsal sclerotized field right by vesica and ventral c-shaped long basal spur with blunt apex. Vesica bag-shaped with two chambers: smaller lateral and bigger main, both covered with tiny denticles; main one bears cornutus formed by several fused smaller cornuti. <b>Female remains unknown</b>, expected to be bigger and darker than male.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species is named in honour of Nicolas Robert Eaton (East Providence, Rhode Island, USA). Nicolas Robert is nature and sports enthusiast, especially baseball. Soon to be published author and rap music composer.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> The species is found in two locations in DRC, Kasaï and Mai- Ndombe Province (Figs 50–51).</p> <p> <b>Biology.</b> Adults were observed and collected in November, December and February. The only known habitat is tropical moist broadleaf forests with rare mosaic grassland patches, the elevation is around 100 m above sea-level. One paratype male was collected on the border between forest and grassland in an area of one hectare using an auto-trap (Figs 53–55). The larval foodplant remains unknown.</p>Published as part of <i>Prozorov, Alexey M., Prozorova, Tatiana A., Mapilanga, Jean Joseph, Volkova, Julia S., Yakovlev, Roman V., Traore, Mohamed M., Saldaitis, Aidas & Müller, Günter C., 2021, Seven new species of Rhynchobombyx Aurivillius, 1909 from Congolian lowland forests (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), pp. 35-53 in Ecologica Montenegrina 49</i> on page 46, DOI: 10.37828/em.2021.49.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8044124">http://zenodo.org/record/8044124</a>
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