120,143 research outputs found
Long-term growth in vitro of isolated, fully differentiated neurones from the central nervous system of an adult insect
No full textA method is described for the isolation and growth in vitro of fully differentiated neurones from the thoracic ganglia of adult cockroaches. The presence of insect blood in the culture system is shown to promote growth. The morphology of the growing neurones and the plasticity of the branching processes are described and growth rates are measured. Using a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator dye, changes of intracellular calcium levels in the growing neurones in response to K+ depolarization have been measured. The results, indicating the presence of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels on neuronal processes in vitro, show that neurones can be maintained in a functional state for several weeks by this technique. Such preparations could prove useful for studying a variety of physiological and pharmacological properties of neurones, including the mechanisms controlling growth, synapse formation and neuronal interactions with other cell types. <br/
cheek
No full textcheek n99. Fairly common - called jowls in some areas ( northern [?] ) & 'fishes faces" on the southern shoreDNE-cit JH 2/73Used I and SupUsed I and Sup1Used IFACE, cheek music, CHIN MUSIC, MOUTH MUSICChecked by Cathy Wiseman on Sat Apr 201
The Conversion of Waste to Energy
No full textAlmost every industrial operation produces some combustible waste, but conversion of this to useful energy is often more difficult than with other energy recovery projects and requires careful attention to design, operating and maintaining the facilities. Each application requires a careful approach tailored to the installation, but some general design and economic principles do exist. Several waste to energy projects will be discussed to illustrate these principles
cohort study
No full textAbstract not available.Nitaa Eapen, Amit Kochar, Mark D Lyttle, Natalie Phillips, John A Cheek, Jeremy Furyk, Jocelyn Neutze, Silvia Bressan, Amanda Williams, Stephen Hearps, Ed Oakley, Stuart R Dalziel, Meredith L Borlan
Cheek volumization and the nasolabial fold
No full textSir: We have read the article by Mowlds and Lambros1
with great interest and enthusiasm. The findings
of their study show that the nasolabial fold does not
improve after cheek injection.
By analyzing three-dimensional images of the face
before and immediately after cheek injection of high-
G′ hyaluronic acid, they demonstrate that the perceived
nasolabial fold improvement, reported after cheek
injections,2,3 is attributable to overall improvement in
facial appearance rather than to actual nasolabial fold
improvement. As a consequence, it might be ruled out
that the nasolabial fold is a consequence of cheek deflating
and it is likely attributable predominantly to change
in the corner of the mouth and to muscular traction.4
This finding is of paramount importance because
cheek overvolumization is frequently performed in an
attempt to achieve something that will not occur: correction
of the nasolabial folds. This practice is responsible
for the bloated, overfilled appearance of the
cheeks. Cheek overfilling gives a bulging, unnatural
result, especially on animation.
Increasing cheek volume and enhancing malar
projection, by injecting the deep medial cheek fat
compartment, is part of the treatment because lost
volumes should be replaced.5 It is overfilling in an
attempt to improve nasolabial and nasojugal folds that
causes unnatural results. In fact, we see more and more
patients asking to avoid that overfilled appearance. We
also strongly agree with the authors’ statement that
“young faces benefit from filling prominences and
older faces benefit from filling hollows.”
We would like to emphasize how important it is to
fill the nasolabial fold and nasojugal crease directly in
the subdermal plane as they become hollow with age.
The benefit of treating these areas is clearly shown
by the case presented (Figs. 1 and 2). The result is
obtained progressively (in two sessions separated by 10
days) using LP–nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid
gel (Restylane Perlane, now Lyft, Restylane; Q-Med,
Uppsala, Sweden). The result is long lasting and can
be maintained by yearly repeated injections (Fig. 2).
Treating the nasolabial and nasojugal creases
directly allows not only elimination of the crease but also
maintenance of a natural result by avoiding overfilling
of the cheek. We aim at supporting the breakthrough
findings of Mowlds and Lambros that volumizing the
cheek does not improve the nasolabial fold. Filling of
the cheek must be performed judiciously to reshape
the cheek, and any attempt at treating the nasolabial
fold by volumizing the cheek will fail. To flatten the
nasolabial fold, it should be directly injected
Reproductive Function in Estuarine Fishes as an Indicator of Ecosystem Health
No full text[np]Until recently, estuarine and coastal hypoxia has been viewed as a problem for bottom-dwelling, low mobility species such as shellfish. Mobile species such as fish were assumed to migrate away from hypoxia. Recent tracking studies of Atlantic croaker in East Coast estuaries show that even mobile species stay in hypoxic waters for extended periods. This new information puts the problem of hypoxia in a different light: if fish are staying in hypoxic areas, what are the sub-lethal consequences for individuals and how are populations affected? The overall goal of this project is to evaluate reproductive function in Gulf killifish (mud minnows, scientific name Fundulus grandis) as an early warning indicator of fish population hazards due to estuarine hypoxia. The objective of this project was to compare reproductive function between normoxic and hypoxic sites. Fish were collected from marsh creeks in Pensacola Bay, FL and Weeks Bay, AL in 2004 and 2005. Collection sites were characterized as normoxic, mildly, moderately, or severely hypoxic based on how low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration dropped each day, how long DO stayed below a critical level (2 mg/L), and how often low DO occurred. Condition factor (an index of plumpness used to indicate overall health), gonadosomatic index (the relative size of the gonad), sex hormone concentrations, and egg yolk protein concentrations were compared between sites within each estuary. Condition factor was not significantly affected by DO, suggesting that Gulf killifish may be able to maintain body growth under a wide range of DO conditions. Some reproductive indicators were more sensitive to hypoxia than others: relative gonad size and the male-specific hormone 11-ketotestosterone (a testosterone critical for sperm production in fish) were consistently reduced at hypoxic sites, whether hypoxia was mild, moderate, or severe. Testosterone and estrogen were less sensitive to hypoxia, decreasing only at severely hypoxic sites. Female egg yolk protein (vitellogenin) appeared to be reduced by mild hypoxia only
Reproductive Function in Estuarine Fishes as an Indicator of Ecosystem Health
No full text[np]Until recently, estuarine and coastal hypoxia has been viewed as a problem for bottom-dwelling, low mobility species such as shellfish. Mobile species such as fish were assumed to migrate away from hypoxia. Recent tracking studies of Atlantic croaker in East Coast estuaries show that even mobile species stay in hypoxic waters for extended periods. This new information puts the problem of hypoxia in a different light: if fish are staying in hypoxic areas, what are the sub-lethal consequences for individuals and how are populations affected? The overall goal of this project is to evaluate reproductive function in Gulf killifish (mud minnows, scientific name Fundulus grandis) as an early warning indicator of fish population hazards due to estuarine hypoxia. The objective of this project was to compare reproductive function between normoxic and hypoxic sites. Fish were collected from marsh creeks in Pensacola Bay, FL and Weeks Bay, AL in 2004 and 2005. Collection sites were characterized as normoxic, mildly, moderately, or severely hypoxic based on how low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration dropped each day, how long DO stayed below a critical level (2 mg/L), and how often low DO occurred. Condition factor (an index of plumpness used to indicate overall health), gonadosomatic index (the relative size of the gonad), sex hormone concentrations, and egg yolk protein concentrations were compared between sites within each estuary. Condition factor was not significantly affected by DO, suggesting that Gulf killifish may be able to maintain body growth under a wide range of DO conditions. Some reproductive indicators were more sensitive to hypoxia than others: relative gonad size and the male-specific hormone 11-ketotestosterone (a testosterone critical for sperm production in fish) were consistently reduced at hypoxic sites, whether hypoxia was mild, moderate, or severe. Testosterone and estrogen were less sensitive to hypoxia, decreasing only at severely hypoxic sites. Female egg yolk protein (vitellogenin) appeared to be reduced by mild hypoxia only
Hibiscus hareyae L. A. J. Thomson & Cheek 2020, sp. nov.
No full text<p> <b>Hibiscus hareyae</b> <i>L.A.J.Thomson & Cheek</i> <b>sp. nov.</b></p> <p>Type: Tanzania, Lindi Province, “Collected July 1877. Lindi, E. Africa, Lat. 9 40’ South this extends its habitats a little further South than before”, <i>Kirk</i> s.n. (holotype K00240493!) (Fig. 1).</p> <p>http://www.ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77213108-1</p> <p>Syn. <i>Hibiscus schizopetalus</i> auct., non (Dyer) Hook.f. sensu Mwachala (2009: 60) pro parte</p> <p> <i>Deciduous erect, sprawling, to scandent shrub</i>, 2 – 4 m tall, to 6 m wide, often leafless or near-leafless at onset of flowering. Branches slender, pendulous arching to the ground; bark grey with white blotches. Branchlets light grey-green, becoming waxy-white, smooth or finely ridged, 2 – 3 mm diam., internodes 1.2 – 1.8 (– 4.5) cm long, glabrous. <i>Leaves</i> deciduous during the dry season; light green above, ovate, oblong or elliptic, 1.8 – 3.0 (– 4.7) × 0.9 – 1.5 – 1.8 (– 3.5) cm, apex obtuse-rounded, base obtuse, finally abruptly rounded, nerves palmate at base, midrib with 2 – 3 secondary nerves on each side of the midrib, nerves prominent below; teeth (1 –) 3 – 5 (– 10) per side, large rounded-crenate, 1 (– 2) × c. 2 – 3 (– 5) mm, margin slightly thickened, lined with appressed, simple, stout, colourless unicellular hairs c. 0.3 mm long, abaxial surface of leaf with pale golden stellate hairs thinly scattered, 0.3 (– 0.5) mm diam., arms appressed, stout. Stipules brown-purple, glossy, broadly triangular, 0.5 – 1.25 × 0.5 – 1 mm, sparsely hairy, persistent for several nodes from stem apex. Petiole 3 – 6 (– 50) mm long, slightly canaliculate, densely pubescent with long, white, sinuous simple hairs 0.3 mm long, tapering to a long acute apex. <i>Flowers</i> often on leafless branches, 6 – 8.5 cm wide, solitary or more typically clustered in upper leafless axils on pendant peduncle-pedicels. Pedunclepedicels stout 0.4 – 2 (– 4.5) cm long, longitudinally ridged, sparsely puberulent with a mixture of stellate and simple hairs, stellate hairs 3 – 7-armed, 1 – 2.5 mm wide, simple hairs patent, 0.5 – 1 mm long, when immature densely papillate with multicellular papillae 0.05 mm long. <i>Epicalyx bracts</i> 7 – 8, united at base forming a shallow cup 0.5 – 1 × 2 – 3 mm, bracts pale green, 1.5 – 4 × 1 – 1.2 mm, narrow-lanceolate, outer surface sparsely covered (c. 10% of surface) mainly in stellate hairs 3 – 4- armed, 1 – 2 mm long, simple hairs 0.5 – 1.5 mm long. <i>Calyx</i> pale green, slightly campanulate, tube c. 2 cm long × 4 mm wide at base to 1 cm wide at apex, 3 – 4-lobed, lobes triangular 4 – 5 mm long, outer surface sparsely covered (10 – 20% of surface) in mainly simple, patent hairs 0.5 – 1 mm long, with a few stellate hairs (as epicalyx). <i>Petals</i> 5, shortly clawed, claw c. 0.3 × 0.2 cm, laterally compressed, blade ovate-elliptic, c. 3 – 3.5 × 2.5 – 3 cm, pinnatifid, divided 1 <i>=</i> 2 – 2 <i>=</i> 3 to the midline, c. 8 segments each side, with the distal segments 1 – 2 mm wide and bifid or trifid, basal segment pair, oblong, 1 – 1.3 × 0.5 cm, segments slightly recurved, adaxial surface deep rose-pink or burgundy red, with an extensive (50 – 75%) white/pale pink basal zone, abaxial surface rosecrimson, also described as red (<i>Kayombo</i> 4590, MO) or red and yellow (<i>Semsei</i> S 633, K). Staminal column (4 –) 5 – 6 cm long, rose pink, slender, antheriferous in terminal 25 – 30%. Stamens 100 – 110, filaments 7 – 10 mm long, pink, anthers orange, oblong 7 – 9 × 5 – 6 mm, pollen yellow or orange. <i>Style</i> exserted c. 1 cm beyond androecium, then dividing into 5, slender, spreading branches, c. 14 – 20 mm long, crimson. Stigma pads minute-capitate, c. 1 mm diameter, crimson. <i>Fruit</i> 5- valved capsule, c. 2.2 cm long × 0.8 cm wide, pale-green, valves acuminate. Seeds unknown. Figs 1 – 3.</p> <p> <b>RECOGNITION</b>. Within <i>Hibiscus</i>, <i>H. hareyae</i> and <i>H. schizopetalus</i> are the only two species with laciniate petals. <i>Hibiscus hareyae</i> is readily distinguished from <i>H. schizopetalus</i> by its much shorter and non-articulated peduncle-pedicels (0.4 – 2 cm long vs 8 – 14 cm long and articulated); longer and broader epicalyx bracts, (1.5 – 4 × 1 – 1.2 mm vs 0.6 – 1.5 × 0.1 – 0.3 (0.5) mm, the epicalyx forming a shallow cup 0.5 – 1 × 2 – 3 mm, vs bracts appearing free (for additional diagnostic characters see Table 1).</p> <p> <b>DISTRIBUTION</b>. Tanzania (Map 1). The species is endemic to the Kilwa and Lindi Districts (Lindi Region) of southern Tanzania. It is possible that the species might yet be found in northern Mozambique but it was not recorded as wild there by Exell (1961).</p> <p> <b>SPECIMENS EXAMINED</b>. <b>TANZANIA</b>. <b>Lindi Province: Kilwa Distr.</b>, T8 – N end of Mbarawala Plateau, 7 Nov. 2003, <i>C. J. Kayombo</i> 4590 (MO 5750577 image!); Kilwa Distr., Kilwa South – pt451, 0908S, 3920 E, fl. 25 Nov. 2003, <i>W. R. Q. Luke & O. Kibure</i> 9718 (MO5792757 image!, FTG122084 image!) (EA, K000593145!, LMA, NHT); Kilwa Distr., 32 km N of Lindi, Mchinga S, pt 552, fl. 20 Dec. 2003, <i>W. R. Q. Luke & O. Kibure</i> 10203 (FTG122085 image!); <b>Lindi Distr.</b>, c. 6.5 km N of Lindi, fl. 9 Dec. 1955, <i>E. Milne-Redhead & P. G. Taylor 7481, 9 Dec. 1955 (BR image!, K000593143!, K000593144!);</i> Lindi, “Lat. 9 40’ South, this extends its habitats a little further South than before”, fl. July 1877, <i>Kirk</i> s.n. (holotype K000240943!); Lindi, fl. Nov. 1877, <i>Kirk</i> s.n. (K000593146!); Lindi, 40 km westlich, 200 – 250 um. Mangrovenrade, fl. 26 Aug. 1934 (<i>Schlieben</i> 5184 (BM!, P06593493 image!); Lindi Region, Lindi Distr., Lindi Creek, 10 00’S, 39 44’E, fl. 15 July 1995, <i>G. P. Clarke</i> 89 (K000593147!); Lindi Distr., Lindi Township, fl. Jan. 1952, <i>Semsei</i> S633 (K000593148!); Lindi, at Mdenga, coastal hills, fl. buds, 26 Feb. 1936, <i>Litchfield</i> 5457 (K000593149!, K000593150!); Lindi Region, Mtama Distr., Sudi Village 10.16019E 39.96873S, fl. 12 Jan. 2020, <i>O. Suleiman, Darbyshire & Shah, Mbailwa 5526 (DSM, K, NHT)</i>.</p> <p> <b>HABITAT</b>. <i>Hibiscus hareyae</i> is found in coastal habitats (“in the mangrove formation” <i>Semsei</i> S 633), in the ecotone between mangrove and thicket on coral rag (<i>Suleiman et al.</i> 5526) and in “coastal thicket” (<i>Luke & Kibure</i> 9718) or “coastal deciduous bushland” (<i>Milne- Redhead & Taylor</i> 7481) on the edge of seasonally-dry watercourses in thicket, and on hillsides (sea-level to 250 m alt.). There is a single record in “dry forest”. Associated species (<i>Suleiman et al.</i> 5526) are <i>Fimbristylis</i> sp.; <i>Euphorbia tirucalli</i> Thunb., <i>Dalbergia melanoxylon</i> Guill. & Perr., and <i>Erythroxylum emarginatum</i> Thonn.</p> <p>Temperatures in the Lindi Region are rather constant throughout the year, with the mean daily temperature ranging from 25 – 28o C, and mean daily maximum temperature of 31 – 32o C, and mean daily minimum temperature of 20 – 24o C. The average annual rainfall is around 900 mm falling between Dec. and April, with a pronounced dry season of 6 – 7 months. Tropical cyclones, sometimes severe and reaching category 4, occur infrequently from late Dec. through to mid-April.</p> <p> <i>Hibiscus hareyae</i> mainly occurs (Kilwa, Lindi and Kiswa areas) on coral rag, a rubble-like limestone formed by uplift of former marine coral reefs.</p> <p> <b>CONSERVATION STATUS.</b> <i>Hibiscus hareyae</i> is known from 12 specimens and six threat-based locations. We calculate the area of occupancy as 40 km 2 using the 4 km 2 cells favoured by IUCN (2012). The main location is the town of Lindi, from which (or very nearby) seven collections, from at least five sites have been made. Two of these records refer to the species as occurring in mangrove where it is “very common” (<i>Schlieben</i> 5184 and <i>Semsei</i> S 633). Other than these collections, there are few data on frequency, but recent research has reported it as infrequent: during the survey of thicket on coral rag resulting in collection of <i>Suleiman</i> 5526, <i>H. hareyae</i> was only seen at a single site with just 4 or 5 individuals. Although this species was targeted by the survey and other areas of coral rag were studied, no further plants were found despite it being then spectacular in flower (Darbyshire, RBG, Kew, pers. comm. to Cheek Jan. 2020). Threats from agriculture to thicket on coral rag substrate are low because coral rag is uncultivatable. However large areas within the range of the species along the coast have been converted to salt pans which appears to have destroyed habitat. Several historic sites at Lindi may have been lost due to house and road construction resulting from expansion of the town. At the site of <i>Suleiman et al.</i> 5526, much of the habitat had been cleared by cutting. Despite this, large areas of coral rag remain with deciduous thicket more or less intact and so <i>H. hareyae</i> although threatened to some degree, does not seem at present at risk of imminent extinction across its range. We advise that some of this overlooked habitat and its threatened species be protected, perhaps as part of a national Important Plant Areas programme (Darbyshire <i>et al.</i> 2017). <i>H. hareyae</i> also ought to be conserved <i>ex situ</i> including through seedbanking and bringing into cultivation as an insurance policy against the species becoming extinct in the wild as is believed to be the case for other Tanzanian species such as <i>Kihansia lovettii</i> Cheek (Cheek 2004), which has never been seen since it was first collected, despite dedicated searches over several years.</p> <p> <b>PHENOLOGY.</b> <i>Hibiscus hareyae</i> has been recorded as flowering from Nov. through to Feb. and July and August. Immature fruits have been observed in Nov., with the main fruiting period likely to extend from Dec. to March.</p> <p> <b>ETYMOLOGY.</b> The specific epithet honours Dr Hareya Fassil (12 Jan. 1968 <i>–</i> present) in recognition of her work on conservation of plant genetic resources and the roles of traditional plant-based medicines in Africa.</p> <p> <b>VERNACULAR NAMES</b>. Mgongonyoka (Swahili) and Kinyoka (Yau) (both <i>Litchfield</i> 5457); Lindi hibiscus (English).</p> <p> <b>NOTES.</b> The holotype of <i>Hibiscus hareyae</i> is barcoded K000240493. It consists of two short stems both with flowers. It is mounted in the top righthand corner of a sheet at Kew with the pencilled label in the hand of Kirk, separated at the very base of the sheet, also on the right-hand side. Above this label is a separate collection, a paratype, barcoded K000593146, of a single flower in a packet annotated in the hand of J. Hooker “ Lindi, E.Africa, Dr Kirk, Nov. 1877 ” to which the barcode K000593146 has been assigned. To the left of the label is a larger packet containing the folded manuscript note by Kirk that was published as Kirk & Oliver (1877). It is annotated in the hand of Oliver “Memorandum by Dr Kirk (18 Nov/74) to accompany specimens of Hibiscus from Mombasa” and “To be returned to Prof. Oliver”.</p> <p>Below the holotype is a label in the hand of Oliver stating “Sir J. Kirk distinguishes 2 vars (letter 10 Jan. 84). 1 from Kilwa (South! Shrub erect, often leafless at flowering- unjointed in pedicel- this is the var. sent herewith. Recd. At Kew/84.”</p> <p> <i>Hibiscus hareyae</i> is similar to <i>H. schizopetalus</i>, and we postulate that both species are likely ancestral within sect. <i>Lilibiscus</i>. It is likely that <i>H. hareyae</i> shares a recent common ancestor with <i>H. schizopetalus</i> since they are in geographic proximity, and are so morphologically similar that they have been considered to be conspecific for 150 years. We hypothesise that a single population formerly extended along the coast from Kenya to southern Tanzania, adapting to the different local environments at northern and southern extremes, becoming separated from each other due to extinction of the intervening populations. The northern evergreen plants, i.e. <i>H. schizopetalus</i> are confined to the shady, damp understorey of coastal semi-evergreen forest of hills, especially Kaya forests, while the southern (<i>H. hareyae</i>) is restricted to the drier habitats of deciduous coastal thickets, and appear to be more xerophilous, with smaller leaves and are at least partly and briefly themselves deciduous. Similar species-pair disjunctions between SE Kenya and S-Central Tanzania are seen in the genus <i>Ancistrocladus</i> (Cheek <i>et al.</i> 2000). New species to science continue to be discovered steadily in Tanzania (e.g. Cheek & Bridson 2019), including new taxa of <i>Hibiscus</i> e.g. <i>H. kabuyeana</i> Mwachala (Mwachala 2009) and <i>H. vitifolius</i> subsp. <i>lukei</i> (Mwachala & Cheek 2003).</p>Published as part of <i>Thomson, Lex A. J. & Cheek, Martin, 2020, Discovered online: Hibiscus hareyae sp. nov. of sect. Lilibiscus (Malvaceae), threatened in coastal thicket at Lindi, Tanzania, pp. 3250-3252 in Kew Bulletin 75 (4)</i> on pages 3-8, DOI: 10.1007/s12225-020-09911-6, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4455823">http://zenodo.org/record/4455823</a>
Uma nova espécie de Utricularia L. (Lentibulariaceae) da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil
No full textA new species of the genus Utricularia is described from the Chapada Diamantina, in the state of Bahia. Utricularia catolesensis G. L. Campos, M. Cheek & Giul. is morphologically related to Utricularia purpureocaerulea A. St. Hil. & Girard, differing from it by its acute to subacute sepals, the white or rarely lilac corolla, basal hump on lower lip yellowish white and seeds pyramidal. The species occurs in swamps, in grassy areas or at the margins of streams.É descrita uma nova espécie do gênero Utricularia para Chapada Diamantina, Estado da Bahia. Utricularia catolesensis G. L. Campos, M. Cheek & Giul. é morfologicamente próxima de Utricularia purpureocaerulea A. St. Hil. & Girard, diferindo por apresentar as sépalas agudas a subagudas, a corola alva até raramente lilás, giba branco-amarelada e sementes piramidais. A espécie ocorre em brejos com gramíneas ou em beira de riachos e córregos
Hand and Cheek Pouch Usage by the Macaques (n = 14).
No full text<p>‘L’ and ‘R’ indicate left and right respectively;</p>a<p>preferred hand/cheek pouch: z≤1.96: L; −1.96</p
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