142 research outputs found
A Relation between Chün-kung-fu 均工夫 and the Grain Poll Tax at the Early Stage of the Ming
No full textChün-kung-fu 均工夫 is the important corvée which was enforced at the early stage of Ming China for the construction of the imperial capital Nanking. According to the common opinion, it was imposed on private land-owners in South Chihli and Kiangsi Provinces. Mr. Yukio Yamane has recently advanced a new view that, when Chün-kung-fu was assessed the grain poll tax was exempted.After examining the basic early Ming sources on Chün-kung-fu, the present author has found that it was as a rule imposed side by side with the grain poll tax. Also demonstrated is that, the areas in which this kind of corvée was enforced, not only reached South Chihli and Kiangsi but also extended to a part of Chêkiang Province.The common view has been that, in contrast to the general rule of the corvée system in the early Ming times to base the assessment on the area of cultivated land and the number of male adults, Chün-kung-fu was only based on the land. The present author, however, has proved, from passages in Yung-lê Hu-chou-fu-chih 永樂湖州府志 contained in Yung-lê Ta-tien 永樂大典 and Ming T’ai-tsu Shih-lu 明太祖實録, that until the middle part of Hung-wu 洪武 era of early Ming, other kinds of corvées were also based on the land only.journal articl
The Real State of the Local Administration for the Yung-chêng 雍正 Period
No full textIt has been known that the Yung-cheng emperor paid special attention to the local administration and adopted some new policies for it. Here the author asks what degree the emperor's intentions were realized. He tries to offer an answer through analysing Lan Ting-yuan (藍鼎元)'s Lu-chou-kung-an (鹿州公案), i.e. the original records of the struggle against the interrupters of his administration when he was Chih-hsien (知縣) at P'u-ning and Chao-yang prefecture, Chao-chou-fu (潮州府), Kuang-tung (廣東) province. Most disturbances were arose from the activities of Shu-li (胥吏), Tu-hao (土豪), Wo-tao (窩盜) and Sung-shih (訟師). Inspite of victoryover them, he was removed from his post because of his chief's unreasonable hatred. However the emperor did not leave such a talented officer tosuffer unjustly. Later he was restored his honor and promoted to Chih-fu (知府). The author concludes from the above story that the emperor's efforts for the local administration had actual results in practice
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Short Dispositional Flow Scale–2 and Short Flow State Scale–2 for Persons With Schizophrenia in Taiwan
No full textAbstract
Date Presented 3/30/2017
The Chinese versions of the Short Dispositional Flow Scale–2 (DFS–2) and Short Flow State Scale–2 (FSS–2) showed goodness of fit when administered to persons with schizophrenia in Taiwan, and future studies would be suggested to apply the same validation method for the Short DFS–2 and Short FSS–2 in other cultures or populations.
Primary Author and Speaker: Lin-Jye Huang
Additional Authors and Speakers: Fu-Chang Hu, Chinyu Wu, Yi-Hong Yang, Shu-Chun Lee, Yung-Chun Fang, Hsu-Chang Huang, Kuan-Yu Lai, Chun-Yi Yu</jats:p
PLoS One
No full textIn England, during pandemic 2009 H1N1, vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity population studies in priority groups were rolled out in parallel to evaluate the pandemic vaccination programme. This provided a unique opportunity to compare immunogenicity and clinical protection in the same population and thus provide insights into the correlates of protection for the pandemic H1N1 2009 vaccine in risk groups. While clinical protection from AS03-adjuvanted pandemic 2009 H1N1 vaccine was high in those aged <25 years and pregnant women, effectiveness in older adults with chronic conditions has been found to be surprisingly poor. Here we present results from the immunogenicity study derived from the same population. Individuals from priority groups eligible for pandemic vaccination attending participating general practices were recruited. Pre and post-vaccination blood samples were collected and HI antibody testing to assess immune response to vaccination performed. The final cohort consisted of 610 individuals: 60 healthy children aged <5 years; 32 healthy pregnant women; 518 individuals from risk groups. Seroconversion rate in healthy children aged <5 years (87%, 95% CI: 75% to 94%) was higher than that of risk groups combined (65%, 95% CI: 61% to 69%) (p<0.001). Multivariable analysis of risk groups showed that the size of response in those who did seroconvert was lower in those who received the 2009/10 seasonal TIV (Fold effect: 0.52, 0.35 to 0.78). Predicted immunological boosting from higher pre-vaccine titres after 2009 pandemic H1N1 vaccination only occurred in children (seroconversion rate = 92%) and not in individuals aged 10 to 39 from risk groups (seroconversion rate = 74%). The lack of clinical protection identified in the same population in older adults from risk groups could be attributed to these lower seroresponses. Current immunogenicity licensing criteria for pandemic influenza vaccine may not correlate with clinical protection in individuals with chronic disease or immunocompromised
The China which is here : translating classical Chinese poetry
No full textThe thesis proposes to address how the tradition of translating Chinese poetry
in the English speaking world developed in the early twentieth century and has
continued. Problems relating to this issue, such as the great change in poetics and
intellectual atmosphere since 1915 when Cathay appeared, its impact on the
translation of Chinese poetry, and the universe of discourse of the two cultures
involved, those of the Chinese and the English speaking world, as well as the
constraints of the target system on the translations, will also be discussed.
The introduction provides an overview of the poetics that valued traditional
metres at the turn of the century, and applies polysystem theory to explain the lack of
enthusiasm for translations of classical Chinese poetry before 1915. Chapter 2
discusses the constraints of language, the poetics and universe of discourse in the
target system, suggesting that these constraints handicapped the widespread transfer of
classical Chinese poetry before 1915.
Chapter 3 examines xing, the poetic device in Chinese poetry that emphasizes
the poet's spontaneous response to nature and the merging of scene and feeling. The
very nature of xing defies any attempt to make it explicit. The chapter is divided into
two parts, discussing xing in the encoding and decoding process respectively. Readerresponse
criticism and phenomenology are also incorporated in the discussions. The
chapter is followed by an analysis of various attempts to translate poems that are
presented with zing in Chapter 4, which shows that there is a tendency on the part of
some translators to add logical links between the scene and the feelings expressed.
Chapter 5 looks at the translation strategies of Arthur Waley, investigating
the traditions of translating classical Chinese poetry that he has helped to build up.
The kind of smooth grammatical lines he uses and the Chineseness he conveys have
had great influence on subsequent translators. Chapter 6 studies Ezra Pound, with
special focus on his innovative work Cathay, and his juxtaposition techniques.
Chapter 7 studies Kenneth Rexroth's translations of Du Fu, while Chapter 8
examines Gary Snyder's translations of Cold Mountain. The vehicle of translating
Chinese poetry in general-- language and poetics-- was close to that of modern
poetry in the target culture.
Chapter 9, the conclusion, asserts that various strategies are adopted for
various purposes. It tries to place the position of the translators discussed in a
polysystem context. In the target system, poems are appreciated more for their charm
than their being supposedly faithful to an original. The image of China created
through translators remains distant. To the reader in the West, China is always far out
"there," not here
The Effects of Self-Congruity and Functional Congruity on Tourism Satisfaction and Loyalty
No full textRecently, tourism has become one of the most potential industries in the world. According to preliminary results presented by the United Nations specialized agency, the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) the number of international tourist arrivals recorded worldwide grew by 5.5% and exceeded 800 million for the first time ever. However, under the competitive environment, the best way to keep competitiveness is to make customer satisfaction and loyalty.
This study focuses on the relationships among self-congruity, functional congruity, customer satisfaction and loyalty. However, different from past researches which collect data only after actual travel without considering other possible factors, present study incorporated the concept of \ue2ex-ante\ue2 and \ue2ex-post\ue2 self-image congruity and probed their effects on tourism satisfaction. Ex-ante self-image congruity are formed before actual travel; and after travel, tourist\ue2s perception will become ex-post self-image congruity.
The author applied a two-stage research design collecting relevant data before and after travel. The empirical results showed that both ex-post self-image congruity and functional congruity have direct positive effect on satisfaction, and functional congruity also partially mediated self-image congruity\ue2s effect. The author also found multiple roles of ex-ante self-image congruity on satisfaction. As a kind of expectation, ex-ante self-image congruity has negative relationship with satisfaction; and possesses moderating effect as a possible motivation driver. Theoretical discussion and managerial implications are supplied
Emerg Infect Dis
No full textWe analyzed data from hospital admissions and enhanced mumps surveillance to assess mumps complications during the largest mumps outbreak in England and Wales, 2004-2005, and their association with mumps vaccination. When compared with nonoutbreak periods, the outbreak was associated with a clear increase in hospitalized patients with orchitis, meningitis, and pancreatitis. Routine mumps surveillance and hospital data showed that 6.1% of estimated mumps patients were hospitalized, 4.4% had orchitis, 0.35% meningitis, and 0.33% pancreatitis. Enhanced surveillance data showed 2.9% of mumps patients were hospitalized, 6.1% had orchitis, 0.3% had meningitis, and 0.25% had pancreatitis. Risk was reduced for hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43-0.68), mumps orchitis (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56-0.93) and mumps meningitis (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.14-0.56) when patient had received 1 dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. The protective effect of vaccination on disease severity is critical in assessing the total effects of current and future mumps control strategies
Timeliness of childhood vaccination coverage: the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes Study
No full textStudies investigating timeliness for childhood vaccination are limited especially in Asia. We examined the timeliness of vaccine administration and associated factors among infant and young children in Singapore. A total of 782 children born between November 2009 and July 2011 from a prospective cohort in Singapore were studied. Vaccination records from birth to 24 months of age were obtained from the National Immunization Registry of Singapore. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed. By 2 years of age, 92.8% of children in our cohort experienced a delay in receiving 1 or more vaccine doses according to the recommended national immunization schedule. When vaccinations were reviewed by series for each vaccine, 15.6% received all vaccine series outside the recommended age ranges. Factors associated with receiving vaccination series outside the recommended ages included maternal aged ≤ 35 years (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.09, 3.66), Malay (1.71; 1.01, 2.89) or Indian ethnicity (2.06; 1.19, 3.59), low monthly household income (1.91; 1.14, 3.18), having at least four children (3.46; 1.62, 7.38) and private (3.42; 1.80, 6.48) and multiple vaccination providers (3.91; 1.23, 12.48). These findings show an unacceptably high proportion of children experienced a delay in the receipt of their vaccinations. The identification of several demographic, socioeconomic, health-seeking behavioural and vaccine provider factors provides opportunities for targeted interventions to enhance the timeliness of childhood vaccination in Singapore.</p
[[alternative]]The Effects of Conceptual Ecology on the Development of 7'th Graders' Concepts of Respiration
No full text[[abstract]]Interpretive research method was adopted to investigate the effects of conceptual ecology on the development of students’ biological concepts of the cognitive processes of students. Eight students were selected to take part in this research. Data were collected by open-end paper pen tests, interviews and classroom observations.
The findings of the students’ inner conceptual ecology before the instructions had showed that the degrees of semantic knowledge and episodic knowledge were affected by the epistemological commitment of students. When students had commitment to authority, they had more semantic knowledge in their inner conceptual ecology. When students had commitment to the experience, their inner conceptual ecology had more episodic knowledge. Most of the students had more elements of analogies and images in structured concepts. Data analysis also showed that the students with low learning achievements when they had more episodic knowledge in their inner conceptual ecology. When the students had more semantic knowledge than episodic knowledge, their learning achievements were higher by contrast. The teaching conceptual ecology of two classes showed that the major elements were the cognitive part, especially the scientific logical statements. And the philosophical and affective parts of the teaching conceptual ecology were much more fewer.
The interaction of student’s inner conceptual ecology and teaching conceptual ecology showed that the poor conceptual development of students were caused by their poor acceptance of scientific logical statements in their learning processes. But when the contents of teaching fitted the students’ elements of affective parts, their conceptual developments were better. Data analysis also showed that students had different achievements in conceptual development because of the different acceptance of the elements of teaching conceptual ecology cause by differences epistemology commitments of students. Finally, the anomalies were appeared and interacted with the teaching conceptual ecology in the students’ inner conceptual ecology.
It was shown that the gap between teaching methods and the students conceptual development was bigger than ever before. The conclusion of this research could provide teachers and educators some suggestions.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Zika Virus: Estimating Attributable Risk to Inform Intensive Care Capacity Preparedness: Table 1.
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