1,721,615 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
中華民國總統選舉制度—相對多數決與絕對多數決之探討
No full text摘 要
西元2000年，民進黨提名的總統、副總統候選人陳水扁與呂秀蓮以39.3％的得票率當選總統、副總統，因得票數未過半，「少數總統」之正當性成為關注的議題。如何選出總統是選擇制度時的首要之事，一種最基本的區分方法，是以直接或間接選舉作為區分。然而，在當代政治下，以相對多數決或絕對多數決為劃分標準應是更有意義的分類方法。而新興民主國家的憲法設計，面對了兩種基本的選擇：一是選舉制度；另一則是政府體制的設計。兩者不但同等重要，且必須評估其不同組合的影響。我國經過六次修憲後，現行體制較傾向於定位為雙首長制、半總統制或混和制。因此本文將研究總統選制的學理架構及相對多數決及絕對多數決之理論設計、優劣良窳，並探究韓國在總統採行相對多數制和法國、芬蘭總統採行絕對多數制下的憲政運作。
另外，本論文將使用人民選擇效率性、選舉規則公平性、政黨體系割裂程度及憲政體制穩定性等主軸，針對相對多數制、絕對多數制及兩倍餘數制進行比較研究，並搭配憲政體制的改革方案，試圖為我國民主制度之藍圖提供建議。目 次
第一章 緒論 /1
第一節 研究動機 /1
第二節 文獻探討 /4
第三節 研究途徑 /8
第四節 研究方法 /13
第五節 研究架構 /14
第六節 研究範圍 /15
第七節 章節安排 /17
第二章 中華民國總統選舉制度之歷史脈絡與憲政體制內涵之探討 /19
第一節 中華民國總統選舉制度之歷史脈絡 /19
一、孫中山的觀點：直接選舉 /19
二、臨時政府組織大綱、臨時約法及大總統選舉法之規定：間接選舉、超過三分之二之多數決 /20
三、行憲後至憲法增修條文第二條公布前(1947-1994):間接選舉、絕對多數決 /21
四、憲法增修條文第二條公布後(1996-)：直接選舉、相對多數決 /22
第二節 中華民國憲政體制之內涵 /28
一、半總統制的理論與類型 /29
二、中華民國憲政體制的定位 /33
三、中華民國憲政體制的特性 /36
第三節 總統選舉制度與憲政制度的關連性：以憲政體制之落實為思考基礎 /40
一、存在絕對關連 /41
二、並無絕對關連 /41
本章小結 /45
第三章 相對多數決之理論設計與運作實例—韓國之觀察 /47
第一節 總統選舉制度的學理架構 /47
一、直接選舉或間接選舉 /47
二、選票結構 /48
三、選舉規則 /49
第二節 相對多數決之理論設計 /51
一、單一選區相對多數決制 /52
二、複數選區相對多數決制 /52
第三節 韓國之觀察 /56
一、第六共和的憲政體制 /56
二、南韓政黨體系弱化的因素 /59
三、盧泰愚的政黨合併策略 /63
四、金泳三的策略：招降納叛 /66
五、金大中的策略：政黨重組 /68
本章小結 /73
第四章 絕對多數決之理論設計與運作實例—法國及芬蘭之觀察 /75
第一節 絕對多數決之理論設計 /75
一、兩輪決選制 /75
二、選擇投票制 /77
第二節 法國之觀察 /79
一、法國第五共和憲法的基本原則 /79
二、法國第五共和憲政體制的發展 /82
三、法國半總統制下兩輪決選制的憲政影響 /92
第三節 芬蘭之觀察 /98
一、芬蘭半總統制憲法的特色 /99
二、芬蘭總統之選舉 /101
三、芬蘭總統的職權 /104
四、從總統支配型政府朝向內閣制的轉型—憲改中的總統職權 /109
本章小結 /111
第五章 民主制度的設計：總統選舉制度的抉擇與政治效應 /115
第一節 前言 /115
第二節 總統選舉制度政治效應之探討 /117
一、人民選擇的效率性 /118
二、選舉規則的公平性 /120
三、政黨體系的割裂程度 /123
四、政府的持久度(統治能力) /126
本章小結：哪一種才是最好的選舉制度？ /136
第六章 結論與建議 /139
一、結論 /139
二、研究建議 /142
參考書目 /147
圖 次
圖1-1：論文研究架構圖 /14
表 次
表2-1：半總統制四種類型 /32
表3-1：南韓歷屆總統(1987-2002) /63
表4-1：法國歷屆總統(1965-2002) /91
表4-2：芬蘭歷屆總統(1919-2000) /103
表5-1：三種總統選制的政治效應分析 /11
On Employee Stock Options
No full text這篇論文討論員工持有員工選擇權同時他能買賣市場資產時他的行為為何。我們利用離散時間求效用最大化的模型去找出員工的行為及員工選擇權對員工的價值，因為此選擇權的持有者被規定不能買賣公司的股票，同時假設員工是趨避風險的，因此不能用公司股票去做選擇權避險下在造成員工選擇權的價值會小於一般的選擇權。
我們找出歐式與美式選擇權的價值及投資策略的公式。當公司股價與市場資產之間的相關性增加時會減少員工投資在市場資產的數量，當此員工越怕風險時員工選擇權對員工的價值會越低。同時可以發現當員工越怕風險他越有可能提早執行員工選擇權。我們的模型可以很直接地得到此些結果。This paper discusses the behavior of an employee who receives employee stock options (ESOs) and trades on the market portfolio. We propose a discrete time utility maximization model to nd the employee behavior and the value of the ESOs to the employee. Since the ESOs holder is not allowed to trade company stocks and he is risk averse, the unhedgeable rm risk leads ESOs to have less value than ordinary options.
We fi nd the formula for the investment strategies and the value of the ESOs, both European style and American style . An increase in the correlation between the stock and the market portfolio decreases the amount of investment in the
market portfolio, and an increase in risk aversion ecreases the value of the ESOs to the employee. Also if the employee is more risk averse he will exercise the ESOs earlier. Our model gives these results directly
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