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Research on The Mind-Nature Theory of Kuo Hsiang
No full text心性論一直是中國哲學史非常重要的論題，在本論文之前的研究當中，學者側重宋明理學家的心性論之研究，而且儒家的心性論之研究比較多，佛學（尤其是天台宗）的心性論也不少，道家的心性論研究則比較少。事實上，郭象作為新道家的代表人物之一，其心性論有其特殊及可觀之處，郭象處在哲學史上的關鍵位置，上承先秦、兩漢，下接南北朝、隋唐、宋明，郭象的心性論之研究就其哲學思想的背景而言，勢必追溯至先秦，而在先秦諸子裡面，影響郭象最深的是儒家和道家，尤其是孔子、孟子、老子、莊子四者為最。
郭象的心性論中的「性」是具有個殊性的，換言之，每個人的性都不同，而「心」的作用在哪裡呢？郭象認為人心應該各安其性，不應追求超過本性潛能的事物。作為精神主體的心，郭象認為應該要能做到「應物無對，與物冥合」的最高境界，能達此境界的就是聖人、神人、至人。郭象的哲學思想融合儒、道兩家，認為人為並不違反自然，身形入世並不違反內心出世，所以可以身居廟堂之上，而心無異於山林之中。
郭象的重要方法是「無心」，透過無心的工夫來應對萬物、順應萬物，才能夠解消主體與客體之間的對立，使主客融為一體，達到應物無對、與物冥合的境界。而統治者也應該要「無心」，才能使天下大治，人民才能自然地生活、發展。
在學習理論上，郭象注重學習的重要性，而人必須依據天賦的潛能去學習，否則就會徒勞無央A簡言之，郭象強調適性學習的重要。至於至高無上的「道」則是不可學的，只能自然而然地領悟之。
在治理國家方面，郭象主張對百姓要寬厚，才能使百姓自在而使天下大治。在用人方面，則是採取百官分工，各司其職，君主則依據各人的才能適才適任，讓整個國家能完善地運作。Abstract
Mind-nature theory has been an important theme in the history of Chinese philosophy. Before this dissertation, studies about mind-nature theory had mainly placed on Sung-Ming Neo-Confucianism, Confucianism, Buddhism (especially on Tien-Tai's), more than discussion about Mind-nature theory of Taoism. In fact, Kuo Hsiang, one of representative figures in Taoism, his Mind-nature theory is also pretty special and significant. Kuo Hsiang places on a key place in the history of Chinese philosophy－－between the Pre-Ch'in period, Han dynasty, and South-north dynasties , Sui-T'ang dynasties, Sung-Ming－－therefore, if we want to inquire the background of his philosophical thinking, we have to retroactively seek for Confucianism and Taoism, especially Confucianism, Mencius, Lao Tsu, Chuang Tzu, who had affected Kuo Hsiang deeply.
“Nature” of Kuo Hsiang’s Mind-nature theory is individual, that is to say, Nature is different for each other. On the other hand, how about the function of “mind”? For Kuo Hsiang, everyone has to satisfy of his own nature, and he should not pursue for something beyond potentiality of his own nature. Mind, as a spiritual subject, should attend to the highest cumstance－－corresponding of things, without opposing relationship－－therefore becomes divine and perfect. Kuo Hsiang’s philosophy joints Confucianism and Taoism, he considers that man do not oppose to nature, and acting in the world do not contract to the mind out of the world. Therefore, we can participate in the governmental affaires,simultaneously our mind is no more different from habiting in the nature.
In Kuo Hsiang’s thought, the most important method is “No-mind”. Through efforts upon “No-mind”, we can conceal the opposite between subject and object, joint them together, and attend correspondence. Political rulers should also adopt “No Mind” for people’s nature life.
About theory of learning, Kuo Hsiang concerns the importance of learning. Man should obey his own nature for learning, otherwise he will fail. However, “Tao”, the highest idea, is not learnable. We can only understand it naturally.
About government of state, Kuo Hsiang claims that the rulers should be generous for his people, making the people feel easy and stable. Besides, rulers must make everyone doing in his own given abilities to improve the whole country working better.
Keywords: Kuo Hsiang; Mind-nature theory; Taoism in Wei and Jin Dynasties; Neo-Taoism; Chuang Tzu Zhu.第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………………1
第二節 研究對象與範圍……………………………………………2
第三節 研究方法……………………………………………………3
第四節 先前學者的研究成果………………………………………4
第五節 論文結構……………………………………………………8
第二章 先秦儒家與先秦道家對心、性的討論……………………11
第一節 儒家…………………………………………………………11
第二節 道家…………………………………………………………17
第三節 小結…………………………………………………………26
第三章 郭象對心的討論……………………………………………29
第一節 心與形……………………………………………………29
第二節 成心與無心………………………………………………34
第三節 從自生論心………………………………………………43
第四節 從生死論心………………………………………………49
第四章 郭象對性的討論……………………………………………53
第一節 性與性分……………………………………………………53
第二節 性與自然……………………………………………………57
第三節 性與逍遙……………………………………………………64
第四節 性與無為……………………………………………………67
第五節 性與仁義……………………………………………………70
第五章 郭象心性論之開展…………………………………………75
第一節 郭象對「心與性」關係的討論……………………………75
第二節 工夫修養上的應用…………………………………………77
一、 學習論………………………………………………………77
二、 聖人論………………………………………………………79
第三節 政治哲學上的應用…………………………………………81
第六章 結論………………………………………………………… 85
參考文獻……………………………………………………………… 9
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Emotion Prediction from User-Generated Videos by Emotion Wheel Guided Deep Learning
No full text自動偵測一段影片中人們所表現出來的情緒，對於許多應用來說是 很有用的資訊。近期，隨著網路進步及社交媒體的興起，以及各種能 夠拍攝影片的設備，人們能夠輕易地在網路上分享自己所拍攝的影片。 相對於以往的情緒辨識著重於人臉分析，這類使用者產生影片在影片 的內容以及質量上有著極大的多樣性，提升了辨識的困難度以及穩固 性。為了解決這個問題，在我們所建構的系統中引入了深層卷積類神 經網路。深層卷積類神經網路最近在許多視覺辨認競賽上取得了相當 成功的成績，我們將它用作特徵的抽取工具。此外我們也引入情緒環 來對特徵的抽取流程進行改進，進一步提升深層卷積類神經網路特徵 的效能。我們在一個由 Youtube 和 Flickr 所收集的影片數據集上測試所提出的系統，辨識的準確率從先前的 46.1% 提升至 54.2%。Predicting emotions in videos is important for many applications with the requirements of user reactions. Recently, the increasing web services on the Internet allow users to upload and share videos very conveniently. To build a robust system for predicting emotions in such user-generated videos is a quite challenging problem, due to the diversity of contents and high-level abstrac- tions of human emotions. Motivated by the success of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in several visual competitions, it is a prospective solution to bridge this affective gap. In this paper, we propose a multimodal framework to predict emotions in user-generated videos based on CNN extracted fea- tures. Psychological emotion wheel is included to learn better representations as compare with its simply transfer learning counterpart. We also showed through experiments that traditional encoding methods for local features can help improve the prediction performance. Experiments conducted on a real- world dataset from Youtube and Flickr demonstrate that our proposed frame- work outperforms the previous related work, in terms of prediction accuracy rate, by 54.2% to 46.1%
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Mitochondrial Translocation of EGFR Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics and Promotes Cancer Metastasis in NSCLC
No full text粒線體功能失常被發現與癌症產生有相關連。在本篇研究中，我們利用同位素相對標記與絕對定量技術（isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation, iTRAQ）分析具有不同侵襲能力的肺癌細胞中其粒線體蛋白質的組成有何不同。我們發現上皮生長因子受器（Epidermal growth factor recptor, EGFR）在具有高度侵襲能力的CL1-5細胞粒線體中量較多。另外，我們發現EGF可以使EGFR移至粒線體中並引起粒線體的形態改變分裂。也因此粒線體EGFR促使能量產升上升、細胞運動能力增加，且造成粒線體分布到運動偽足前側。另外，無論EGFR磷酸化與否，EGFR都可以影響粒線體形態。粒線體中EGFR被發現可與粒線體融合蛋白Mfn1交互作用，在mitEGFR表現的細胞中過量表現Mfn1後，可發現Mfn1可以回復mitEGFR所造成細胞特性改變，諸如粒線體形態改變、能量產生與細胞運動能力，發現mitEGFR可能是藉由影響Mfn1聚合而影響粒線體形態。有趣的是，由臨床病人檢體發現，粒線體中EGFR表現與病人存活率呈現負相關，且相較於原位癌部位，在淋巴癌轉移部位之粒線體EGFR表現量相對較多。總結來說，本篇研究發現EGFR可藉由EGF引起的內吞現象轉位到粒線體中，並且造成粒線體形態分裂，而引起能量產生改變、粒線體分布於運動偽足前端，進而使癌細胞運動能力上升。粒線體EGFR的存在可能與癌細胞侵襲相關，且可做為癌症預後因子。Dysfunction of the mitochondria, the versatile cellular organelles, is shown to be related to cancer progression. In the present study, the iTRAQ was exploited to analyze mitochondrial proteomics of lung cancer cell lines with variable migration abilities. We found that EGFR is highly expressed in highly invasive lung cancer cell mitochondria. We demonstrated that the mitochondrial translocation of EGFR by EGF induces mitochondrial fission, and upregulates energy production, causes mitochondrial redistribution in the lamellipodia, and enhances cell motility. Besides, EGFR can still regulate mitochondria dynamics and cell motility, independent of its phosphorylation status. Furthermore, EGFR was found to interact with mitofusion1 (Mfn1), a mitochondrial protein which causes mitochondria fusion by polymerization to regulate mitochondrial dynamics. Overexpressing Mfn1 significantly reversed the phenotypes resulted from mitochondrial translocation of EGFR. Corresponding to the above finding, the EGFR expression in cytosol rather than on the cell surface is reversely correlated to the overall survival of NSCLC patients. Notably, the cytosolic EGFR expression levels in the lymph node-locating tumor cells are higher than that of the paired primary tumor sites. Collectively, our results show that mitochondrial EGFR plays an important role on mitochondrial morphology, energy production and distributions, which further promotes cellular motility. Accordingly, mitochondrial EGFR expression is involved in cancer invasion and can serve as a diagnostic marker for predicting NSCLC malignancy
Influence of Underground Weir on Water Withdrawal of Infiltration Gallery
No full text集水廊道為設置於河床下礫石層汲取地下水的水工結構物，優點為水質清澈且全年可穩定取水。若於集水廊道下游建立一地下堰體，除了可避免河床過度淘刷導致集水廊道基腳遭沖毀並延長集水廊道的壽命外，亦可抬升集水廊道附近之地下水位，進而增加集水廊道出水量。本研究旨在探討建立地下堰體對集水廊道取水量以及附近地下水位之影響，以隘寮溪隘寮堰研究區域觀察建立地下堰體與集水廊道前後之水位變化，並藉由存在集水廊道的林邊溪二峰圳研究區域，配合數值模式率定、成本經濟分析以進行地下堰體與集水廊道之最佳埋深優選。 本研究首先利用一虛擬設計案例分別將集水廊道與地下堰體概念化，以確認利用FEMWATER模式進行數值模擬時之邊界條件設定方式，並分別探討各種地下堰體與集水廊道配置情況下，集水廊道附近地下水位變化情況之合理性。接著蒐集隘寮堰附近實測資料，建立現地的FEMWATER地下水流數值模式，然後利用所建立之模式進行三項數值試驗，包括：(1)隘寮堰建立前，(2)隘寮堰建立後以及(3)隘寮堰及集水廊道同時建立，以上述三組試驗觀察集水廊道與地下堰體附近之地下水位變化情形，同時探討於已有地下堰體之條件下，集水廊道配置方向與出水量的關係。確認建立地下堰體可抬升上游地下水位後，蒐集林邊溪二峰圳相關資料進行集水廊道數值模式之建立與率定；接著進行二峰圳集水廊道與地下堰體之成本效益分析，並將地下堰體加入模式模擬，最後分別以地下堰體與集水廊道之埋深為決策變數、最大營運淨效益為目標函數，進行下列兩組案例之分析：(1)已有二峰圳，增設地下堰體，以及(2)現地未有工程構造物，同時建立地下堰體與集水廊道。 研究結果顯示：(1)由虛擬案例結果得知本研究結合FEMWATER模式、地下堰體以及集水廊道所設定之邊界條件可合理模擬地下水位之變化情況；(2)由FEMWATER模式建立隘寮堰附近地下水模式之數值試驗結果可知建立隘寮堰後可有效提升堰體上游之地下水位，同時可知集水廊道與地下堰體之擺設方式可影響集水量之大小，其中集水廊道設置與地下堰體平行之集水量為36,147(噸/日)較與地下堰體垂直之集水廊道多；(3)當二峰圳已存在時，增設地下堰體且底部埋深至地下17.3公尺時為最佳設計，營運20年之淨效益年值為302.2百萬元；另外假設現地無任何構造物，同時建立地下堰體與集水廊道時，集水廊道埋深18.6公尺、地下堰體埋深21.5公尺為最佳設計，營運20年之淨效益年值約為513.0百萬元。Infiltration gallery is an artificial structure installed below the riverbed including perforated in gravel to collect subsurface runoff in riverbed. The main advantage of the infiltration gallery is stably supplying clean water. If we build an underground weir downstream of infiltration gallery, in addition to avoiding riverbed erosion and extend the life of the infiltration gallery, it can also raise groundwater level around the infiltration gallery and increase water-intake from infiltration gallery. The aim of the research is investigating the influence of underground weir on infiltration gallery, and focused on groundwater level and water-intake. First, this study design a simple case and conceptualize infiltration gallery and underground weir to confirm that the usability of boundary conditions set in FEMWATER numerical model, and then discusses the rationality of the variation of groundwater level around infiltration gallery by setting different configuration of infiltration gallery and underground weir. Second, this study collected observations about Ai-Liao weir to establish a numerical model of groundwater flow, and then use the established model to conduct three numerical tests, including: (1) Before Ai-Liao weir built, (2) After built Ai-Liao weir and then (3) Built Ai-Liao weir and infiltration gallery. After the groundwater level risen by underground weir has been confirmed, this study collected observations about Er-Feng infiltration gallery to establish and calibrate a numerical model of groundwater flow. Finally, this study use the model has been calibrated to establish an optimization model. The objective of the optimization model is the maximum annual value of net benefit. The decision variables including the depth of infiltration gallery and underground weir. The results shows: (1) By a virtual case study results that this study combined FEMWATER mode, underground weir and infiltration gallery boundary conditions setting can be reasonably simulated groundwater level changes; (2) The test results from the FEMWATER numerical model of groundwater in Ai-Liao weir shows that groundwater level upstream of the Ai-Liao weir has risen after built Ai-Liao weir and the location of infiltration gallery has effect on water intake from infiltration gallery; (3) When Er-Feng infiltration gallery has built, the annual value of net benefit is 302.2 million and the optimal depth of weir is 17.3m. If there is no structure in the wild, the annual value of net benefit is 513.0 million, the optimal depth of infiltration gallery and underground is 18.6m and 21.5m
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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