1,721,085 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Impact des peptides antimicrobiens et des fibres alimentaires purifiées sur le microbiote intestinal humain : du dépistage au potentiel thérapeutique et à la médecine personnalisée basée sur le microbiote
No full textLe tractus gastro-intestinal est colonisé par une communauté de micro-organismes, appelée microbiote intestinal. La relation entre l'hôte et son microbiote est symbiotique: l'hôte fournit aux bactéries des nutriments pour se développer, tandis que les bactéries assurent le développement immunitaire, la protection contre les pathogènes et la production de nutriments et de vitamines essentiels. La composition et la fonction du microbiote intestinal peuvent être influencées par plusieurs facteurs, dont l' alimentation et la génétique. Des changements délétères dans sa composition et/ou sa fonction sont associés à des maladies, telles que les maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin (MICI). Le fait que la transplantation fécal de patients atteints de MICI à des animaux sans microbiote (axéniques) soit suffisante pour transférer la susceptibilité à la colite suggère un rôle causal joué par le microbiote intestinal dans la promotion de ces pathologies chroniques. Pour contrôler la communauté microbienne intestinale, l'hôte a plusieurs mécanismes de défense: la présence d'une couche de mucus, la sécrétion d'immunoglobulines et de peptides antimicrobiens (AMP). Les AMP sont des peptides cationiques qui neutralisent les bactéries en perméabilisant leur membrane ou en limitant leur agrégation. Chez l'homme, les principales familles sont les défensines et les cathélicidines et leur importance dans la défense de l'épithélium et des muqueuses a déjà été rapporté mais le rôle joué par le microbiote reste controversé. Au cours de ce projet de thèse, à l'aide d'un modèle in vitro du microbiote (MBRA), j'ai criblé des AMP afin de caractériser leur impact sur la composition et la fonction de divers microbiotes humains sains. J'ai ensuite étudié la capacité d'un AMP (fragment HD51-9) identifié comme étant un modulateur du potentiel pro-inflammatoire du microbiote à protéger contre la colite induite chez la souris. Les résultats obtenus soutiennent l'hypothèse selon laquelle les AMP peuvent moduler directement le microbiote en protégeant contre l'inflammation intestinale. Les fibres alimentaires sont aussi un important modulateur du microbiote. Si l'alimentation du microbiote par les fibres alimentaires fermentescibles est connue pour être un facteur de bonne santé, leur impact sur l'inflammation intestinale chronique est plus complexe. Bien que des études épidémiologiques rapportent que la consommation de régimes riches en fibres est associée à une incidence réduite des MICI, d'autres suggèrent qu'une fois la maladie établie, certains patients présentent une intolérance à ces régimes. Il a été démontré, chez la souris, qu'une supplémentation en inuline et en psyllium exacerbe ou atténue, respectivement, la colite induite, dépendamment du microbiote. Au cours de ce projet de thèse, l'impact d' inuline et psyllium sur des microbiotes humains sains a été déterminé in vitro et après transplantation dans des souris axénique. La composition et le potentiel pro-inflammatoire de certains microbiotes ont été fortement affectés (appelés "fibres sensibles"), tandis que d'autres ont été peu altérés (appelés "fibres résistants"). Uniquement la colites des souris transplantées avec des microbiotes fibres sensibles était exacerbée lorsque les souris été nourries avec un régime enrichi en inuline, et atténuée lorsqu'elles été nourries avec un régime enrichi en psyllium. Cette étude révèle l'efficacité du MBRA à identifier les microbiotes sensibles et résistants à la modulation par les fibres alimentaires, et souligne que la mesure dans laquelle ces fibres modifient la prédisposition à la colite et/ou la gravité de celle-ci est influencée par la composition du microbiote d'un individu. D'autres études sont nécessaires pour comprendre de manière mécanistique ces variabilité interindividuelle en terme de réactivité du microbiote à une exposition donnée, dans le but ultime de développer une médecine et une nutrition personnalisées basées sur le microbiote.The gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a community of microorganisms, named the intestinal microbiota. The relationship between the host and its microbiota is symbiotic: the host provides a place for bacteria to grow and nutrients, while bacteria ensure immune development of the intestine, protection against pathogens and production of nutrients and vitamins. Composition and function of gut microbiota can be affected by several factors including diet and genetics. Deleterious changes in its composition and/or function are associated with diseases states, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Importantly, the fact that fecal microbiota transplantation from IBD patients to animals without an endogenous microbiota (germfree) is sufficient to transfer colitis susceptibility support the causal role played by the intestinal microbiota in the promotion of such chronic disorders. To control the intestinal microbial community, the host has evolved several defence mechanisms: the presence of a thick mucus layer, the secretion of immunoglobulin, and the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). AMP are cationic peptides that prevent bacteria from reaching the host intestinal epithelium by permeabilizing their membrane or by limiting their aggregation. In humans, the two main AMP families are defensins and cathelicidins, and to date, several studies have reported their importance in epithelium and mucosal defence, but the exact role played by the intestinal microbiota remains controversial. During this thesis project, using an in vitro model of the gut microbiota (MBRA), I conducted a screening of select AMP for their direct impact on various human microbiotas composition and function. I then investigated the ability of one AMP (fragment HD51-9), identified as being a potent modulator of microbiota pro-inflammatory potential, to protect against DSS-induced colitis in mice. The obtained results support the hypothesis that purified AMP hold the potential to directly modulate the intestinal microbiota in a way that protects against intestinal inflammation. In addition to AMPs, dietary fibres are another important modulator of microbiota composition and function. While microbiota nourishment through dietary fibre is known to be health promoter, the impact of fermentable fibres consumption on chronic intestinal inflammation is more complex. Although epidemiological studies reported that consumption of fibre-rich diets associates with a reduced incidence of IBD, others suggest that once the disease is established, select IBD patients experience intolerance to fermentable fibre-rich foods. It has also been shown that enriching diets with inulin and psyllium remodels microbiota composition and exacerbates and alleviates, respectively, colitis in murine models. During this thesis project, the impact of inulin and psyllium on individual human microbiotas was determined in vitro as well as following transplant into germfree mice. Composition and pro-inflammatory potential of various in vitro microbiotas were highly impacted (termed "fibres-sensitive"), while others were minimally altered (termed "fibre-resistant"). Mice transplanted with fibres-sensitive microbiota harboured exacerbated and ameliorated DSS-induced colitis when fed with inulin- and psyllium-enriched diets, respectively, while the severity of colitis in mice colonized with fibres-resistant microbiota was not modulated by fibre source. This study revealed the suitability of the MBRA model in identifying fibres-sensitive and fibres-resistant microbiotas. Moroever, it highlights that the extent to which fibres alter proneness to and/or severity of colitis is influenced by individual's microbiota composition. Further studies appear warranted to mechanistically understand the inter-individual variability of microbiota responsiveness to a given exposure, with the ultimate goal to develop microbiota-based personalized medicine and nutrition
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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