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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Taking Métis Indigenous Rights Seriously: 'Indian' Title in s. 31 of the Manitoba Act, 1870
No full textIn Sparrow, the Supreme Court of Canada stated that ss. 35(1) is “a solemn commitment that must be given meaningful content” the objective of which is to ensure that Aboriginal rights “are taken seriously.” Despite such a clear directive from the highest court, in Manitoba Métis Federation v. Canada [2007], MacInnes J. of the Queen’s Bench of Manitoba seemed incapable of taking seriously the Aboriginal title of the Métis under s. 31 of the Manitoba Act, 1870, and in no way thought of its explicit recognition as ‘a solemn commitment that must be given meaningful content’. For his part, if Scott C.J. of the Manitoba Court of Appeal was able to find a ‘cognizable Aboriginal interest’ in the expression ‘Indian title’, and thereby recognize to some extent Métis Aboriginal rights, he seemed incapable of conceiving such interests as title. This thesis is basically an attempt to ‘take seriously’ the common law Aboriginal title of the Métis. In order to do so, it first looks at the treatment of the concept of Indian title and the Royal Proclamation, 1763, in the lower courts throughout the infamous St. Catharine’s Milling and Lumber case. Subsequently, the existing common law doctrines of inherent Métis rights, those of the derivative rights doctrine, the empty box doctrine and the distinct Aboriginal people doctrine are all found to be inadequate to the task of providing cogency to the ‘constitutional imperative’ that was evoked in Powley. A fourth doctrine is therefore proposed, that of a Métis Autochthonous or Indigenous rights doctrine. In light of this, it is argued that the recognition of the ‘Indian’ title in s. 31 was not a mere ‘political expediency’ but is rooted in the underlying constitutional principle of the protection of minorities. Furthermore, insofar as the ‘Indian’ title of the Métis is taken seriously, it can be seen as having been extinguished through the federal power over ‘lands reserved for Indians’ under ss. 91(24). The legal implication is that they were, in the logic of the times, basically enfranchised ‘Indians’. Finally, by applying the grid established in Sioui for determining the existence of a ‘treaty’, it is argued that s. 31 is a ‘treaty’ or land claims settlement within the meaning of s. 35
Taking Métis Indigenous Rights Seriously: 'Indian' Title in s. 31 of the Manitoba Act, 1870
No full textIn Sparrow, the Supreme Court of Canada stated that ss. 35(1) is “a solemn commitment that must be given meaningful content” the objective of which is to ensure that Aboriginal rights “are taken seriously.” Despite such a clear directive from the highest court, in Manitoba Métis Federation v. Canada [2007], MacInnes J. of the Queen’s Bench of Manitoba seemed incapable of taking seriously the Aboriginal title of the Métis under s. 31 of the Manitoba Act, 1870, and in no way thought of its explicit recognition as ‘a solemn commitment that must be given meaningful content’. For his part, if Scott C.J. of the Manitoba Court of Appeal was able to find a ‘cognizable Aboriginal interest’ in the expression ‘Indian title’, and thereby recognize to some extent Métis Aboriginal rights, he seemed incapable of conceiving such interests as title. This thesis is basically an attempt to ‘take seriously’ the common law Aboriginal title of the Métis. In order to do so, it first looks at the treatment of the concept of Indian title and the Royal Proclamation, 1763, in the lower courts throughout the infamous St. Catharine’s Milling and Lumber case. Subsequently, the existing common law doctrines of inherent Métis rights, those of the derivative rights doctrine, the empty box doctrine and the distinct Aboriginal people doctrine are all found to be inadequate to the task of providing cogency to the ‘constitutional imperative’ that was evoked in Powley. A fourth doctrine is therefore proposed, that of a Métis Autochthonous or Indigenous rights doctrine. In light of this, it is argued that the recognition of the ‘Indian’ title in s. 31 was not a mere ‘political expediency’ but is rooted in the underlying constitutional principle of the protection of minorities. Furthermore, insofar as the ‘Indian’ title of the Métis is taken seriously, it can be seen as having been extinguished through the federal power over ‘lands reserved for Indians’ under ss. 91(24). The legal implication is that they were, in the logic of the times, basically enfranchised ‘Indians’. Finally, by applying the grid established in Sioui for determining the existence of a ‘treaty’, it is argued that s. 31 is a ‘treaty’ or land claims settlement within the meaning of s. 35
The Aboriginal Sentencing Provision of the Criminal Code as a Protected “Other Right” under Section 25 of the Charter
Get PDFThis paper explores the argument that section 718.2(e) of the Criminal Code, which gives direction to sentencing judges that they should be particularly mindful of Aboriginal offenders and their unique circumstances (social, political and cultural), is an “other right” within the scope of section 25 of the Charter. The author relies on a contextualized understanding in making the argument that the Aboriginal sentencing provision of the Criminal Code is a reparative right that addresses the colonial harms experienced by Aboriginal peoples by past and to some extent present policies of colonization and assimilation. Such a benefit unique to Aboriginal peoples contained within the Criminal Code may not at first blush seem like the kind of Aboriginal right that has come to be defined by the courts (such as an Aboriginal right to hunt moose, for example). Section 25, however, extends in scope beyond such limited characterizations of what can constitute an Aboriginal right. Section 25 includes “other rights” and logically includes section 718.2(e) to the extent that it provides a unique benefit or right that recognizes the reality of Aboriginal colonization in Canada. Although the Aboriginal-specific sentencing provision may withstand an equality Charter challenge under section 15(1) because it meets the necessary criteria of an “ameliorative” program under section 15(2) of the Charter, the author argues that this approach will do more damage than good in moving towards the goal of achieving Aboriginal decolonization in Canada. To place Aboriginal interests within the confines of “groups” who require ameliorative programs to overcome disadvantage ignores the unique political status of Aboriginal nations as nations working with Canada to redefine the country according to post-colonial values. The myth that Canada is a bilingual, bijuridical and bicultural nation (English and French) is too powerful. Courts must resist any approach that reinforces this myth, which section 15(2) of the Charter does, and instead opt for one that recognizes Aboriginal peoples as founding nations alongside of Canada and not diminished by it, which section 25 of the Charter is more capable of achieving provided a robust interpretation of its provisions are adopted
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Nursing the ‘Other’: Exploring the Roles and Challenges of Nurses Working within Rural, Remote, and Northern Canadian Aboriginal Communities
No full textState dependency and the lingering impacts of colonialism dancing with Aboriginal peoples are known realities across the Canadian health care landscape. However, delving into the discourses of how to reduce health disparities of a colonized population is a sophisticated issue with many factors to consider. Specifically, nurses can play a central role in the delivery of essential health services to the ‘Other’ within isolated Northern Aboriginal communities. As an extension of the state health care system, nurses have a duty to provide responsive and relevant health care services to Aboriginal peoples.
The conducted qualitative research, influenced by a postcolonial epistemology, sought to explore the roles and challenges of nurses working within rural, remote, and Northern Canadian Aboriginal communities, as well as individual, organizational, and system level factors that supported or impeded nurses’ work in helping to meet Aboriginal peoples’ health needs with meaningful care. Theorists include the works of Fanon on colonization and racial construction; Kristeva on semiotics and abjection; and Foucault on power/knowledge, governmentality, and bio-power were used in providing a theoretical framework to help enlighten the research study presented within this dissertation.
Critical Discourse Analysis of twenty-five semi-structured interviews with nurses, physicians, and regional health care administrators was deployed to gain a better understanding of the responsibilities and challenges of nurses working in Northern Canada. Specifically, the research study was conducted in one of the three health regions within Northern Saskatchewan. Major findings of this study include: (1) the Aboriginal person did not exist without being in a relation with their colonial agent, the nurse, (2) being ‘Aboriginal’ was constructed as a source of treating illnesses and managing diseases, and (3) as a collective force, nursing was utilized as means of governmentality and as provisions of care situated within colonial laws.
Historically, nurses functioned as a weapon to ‘save’ and ‘civilize’ Aboriginal peoples for purposes of the state. Primarily, present day nursing roles focused on health care duties to promote a decency of the state, followed by missionary tasks. In turn, the findings of this research study indicate that nurses must have a better understanding of the impact of colonialism on Aboriginal peoples’ health before they engage with local communities. Knowledge development through postcolonial scholarship in nursing can help nurses and health service providers to strengthen their self-reflective practice, in working towards de-signifying poor discourses around Aboriginal peoples’ health and to help create new discourses
First Nations, Métis and Inuit Health and the Law: A Framework for the Future
No full textFirst Nations, Métis and Inuit Health and the Law: A Framework for the Future charts the development of ill health from a formerly healthy, disease-free Aboriginal society pre-contact. However, because of historical factors and events, Aboriginal health was shaped through many Canadian laws, legislation and policies that were detrimental to not only the social fibre of Aboriginal people but to their physical health. Today, there is a stark difference between the health of Aboriginal people and non-Aboriginal people in Canada with alarming rates of chronic diseases and socio-economic ills. While health indicators, such as mortality and morbidity, are important – it is also equally important to look at economic measures that determine health outcomes as the basic needs of clean water, adequate and available housing, sewage, food security, environmental contaminants and access to basic health care services. These are services that the majority of Canadians take for granted. For these reasons, a study of Aboriginal health must reflect a holistic approach that considers the importance of key health determinants. In addition to the determinants that affect Aboriginal health it is important that other key factors are also examined for their particularly harmful effects on Aboriginal people (especially on Aboriginal women). These factors include (but are not limited to), historical epidemics and the intergenerational effects of poor nutrition and starvation, socioeconomic, geographical and environmental factors, colonization, residential schools, forced sterilization, drug experiments, the Indian Act and other laws that may not directly target Aboriginal people but the law‘s effect have proven devastating. It is proposed that the health of Aboriginal people has been shaped through Canadian laws, legislation and policies beginning with the early Crown/Aboriginal relationship. Early agreements and negotiation terms are explored regarding their promises that form the basis for the establishment of the Crown/Aboriginal fiduciary relationship that includes legally enforceable fiduciary obligations to provide access to quality health care. The assertion of Aboriginal rights and the signing of specific treaties, which deal with health care also reaffirmed this relationship. Unless the treaty expressly extinguished Aboriginal rights, anyone who possesses treaty rights also possesses Aboriginal rights (although not all people who possess Aboriginal rights also possess treaty rights). Aboriginal rights are inherent to all Aboriginal people in Canada and are passed down from generation to generation. They are derived from Aboriginal knowledge, heritage, and law. Traditional healing and health practices, medicines and medical applications for the prevention and promotion of good health are ways through which Aboriginal people manifest or express an inherent right to health. Aboriginal and treaty rights are entrenched in the Constitution Act, 1982. This thesis will examine why Aboriginal health is in crisis today while considering how the law can be used to bring the health status closer together – to help close the gap by discovering the reasons that there are gaps and to identify if any legal breaches are the cause. To achieve this, the rights that Aboriginal people possess are examined to highlight any breaches of the government‘s constitutional obligations towards Aboriginal peoples that may have contributed to the poor health outcomes. While concentrating on law, policy development and a review of other jurisdictions, First Nations, Métis and Inuit Health and the Law: A Framework for the Future explains how policies and laws can be reshaped into becoming useful tools for community and national development that will ultimately advance all realms of Aboriginal health and asserts that not only do Aboriginal people possess the same rights to health that all Canadians do, but also possess constitutionally entrenched Aboriginal and treaty rights to health. While accountability is important, so are solutions and recommendations for change. The aim of this work is to move the dialogue towards new ways to deal with old problems and offer hope for change and practical solutions that may provoke thought and real difference in the lives and generations of Aboriginal people to come
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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