1,721,185 research outputs found
Are the S&P 500 index and crude oil, natural gas and ethanol futures related for intra-day data?
Full text linkThe energy sector is one of the most important in the world, so that time series fluctuations in leading energy sources have been analysed widely. Much of the empirical analysis in the literature has concentrated on using daily, weekly or monthly data, with little research based on intra-day data. The intention of the paper is to analyse the relationships among the S&P 500 Index and futures prices, returns and volatility of three leading energy commodities, namely crude oil, natural gas and ethanol, using intra-day data. The detailed analysis of intra-day temporal aggregation in examining returns relationships and volatility spillovers across the equity and energy futures markets, and the effects of day-night returns, volume, realized volatility, asymmetry, and spillovers across the four financial markets, leads to interesting and useful empirical results for decision making and hedging strategies. The empirical results relating to alternative models of mean and variance feedback and asymmetry for intra-daily returns, asymmetry and volatility spillovers, and dynamic conditional correlations and covariances, show that the relationships between the stock market and alternative energy financial derivatives, specifically futures prices and returns, can and do vary according to the trading range, whether daily or day-night effects are considered, and the temporal aggregation and time frequencies that are used
Characteristics of Ambient Particulate Matter at Elementary Schools in Taipei Metropolis
No full text本研究觀察及分析臺北都會地區國民小學校園中大氣粒狀污染物（particulate matter）的特性及探討可能的污染來源，並且評估校園環境粒狀污染物質量濃度與鄰近空氣品質監測站量測數據之相關性。本研究在臺北都會區不同交通流量（高、中、低）的地區各選擇兩所國小作為採樣對象，於2006年8月至2007年4月期間以十階微孔均勻沉積衝擊器（Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor, MOUDI）進行粒狀物質採樣及重量分析，另外利用環保署所屬之臺北市一般空氣品質監測站對PM10監測的數據作比對。研究結果顯示，六所國小校園採樣點的粒狀污染物平均質量濃度範圍介於58.21∼110.11 μg/m3，皆未超過我國空氣品質標準PM10之24小時標準值125 μg/m3。六所國小校園環境中粒狀污染物的粒徑分布接近於對數正常分布（log-normal distribution），質量中位數粒徑介於0.191∼4.463 μm，且粒狀污染物的粒徑分布輪廓可綜括為雙峰分布型態，主波峰落於細微粒粒徑範圍（＜1.0 μm ），次波峰則是落在粗微粒粒徑範圍，介於3.2∼5.6 μm之間。另將高、中、低不同交通流量與校園環境粒狀污染物進行變異數分析（ANOVA），結果具有統計上顯著意義（p＝0.047），表示粒狀污染物質量濃度與交通流量呈現正相關的關係。依季節性粒狀污染物質量濃度的變化而言，春季、秋季、冬季平均質量濃度分別為84.98±22.20 μg/m3、65.30±22.05 μg/m3、90.66±39.03 μg/m3，冬季之粒狀污染物質量濃度較春季和秋季為高。在各校所測得的粒狀污染物濃度與其鄰近空氣品質監測站PM10監測數據的相關性則呈現不一致的結果。This study is aimed to characterize the ambient particulate matter at elementary schools in Taipei metropolis and their source, and their correlation to the corresponding data from the nearby air monitoring stations. The two elementary schools located in each light, moderate and heavy traffic area were for selected particulate sampling during August 2006 to April 2007. The samples were collected in campus by using 10-stage micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor（MOUDI）and weighted. In addition, the PM10 data from the nearby air monitoring stations of Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration were also adopted for comparison. The results show that the average mass concentration of the particulate sampling in six elementary schools ranged from 58.21 to 110.11 μg/m3, which all did not exceed the standard of Taiwan EPA, 24h PM10 of 125 μg/m3. The particle size distribution of particulate matter at six elementary schools almost fitted log-normal distribution. The mass medium diameter ranged from 0.191∼4.463 μm. The size distribution of particulate matter can be summed up the bimodal type, and the primary peak occurred in fine particle size range, and second peak was in the ranges from 3.2∼5.6 μm. The analysis of variance（ANOVA）indicates the positive correlation between the mass concentration of particulate matter and traffic density（p＝0.047）. The average mass concentration in spring, autumn and winter were 84.98±22.20 μg/m3, 65.30±22.05 μg/m3, 90.66±39.03 μg/m3, respectively. The particulate matter mass concentration measured at six elementary schools did not consistently correlate with the PM10 data from the nearby air monitoring stations.摘要I
AbstractII
致謝III
目錄IV
表列VI
圖列VII
第一章緒論1
1-1前言1
1-2研究目的2
1-3研究設計2
第二章文獻回顧3
2-1粒狀物質的來源3
2-2粒狀物質之形成機制3
2-3粒狀物質粒徑分布特性4
2-4粒狀物質對人體健康之影響7
第三章材料與方法9
3-1採樣對象及策略9
3-2採樣方法10
3-3重量分析11
3-4粒徑分布分析11
第四章結果13
4-1粒狀污染物之質量濃度13
4-1-1校園所在地區別微粒質量濃度的差異13
4-1-2微粒質量濃度與交通流量的關係13
4-1-3微粒質量濃度與最接近空氣品質監測站所得質量濃度的相關14
4-1-4微粒質量濃度的季節性變化17
4-2粒狀污染物之粒徑分布18
4-2-1粒狀汙染物粒徑分布的輪廓18
4-2-2由分布輪廓推斷粒狀污染物來源的可能性19
4-2-3國小別的粒徑分布差異22
第五章討論與建議25
5-1討論25
5-1-1校園環境中粒狀污染物質量濃度的時空差異性25
5-1-2粒狀污染物的粒徑分布輪廓與其來源的可能性27
5-1-3校園環境中粒狀污染物質量濃度與鄰近測站監測值的相關性28
5-2建議29
參考文獻31
表列
表1-1-1 臺北市懸浮微粒(PM10)濃度平均值37
表3-1-1 採樣時間表38
表4-1-1-1 校園所在地區別微粒質量濃度之差異40
表4-1-2-1 位於不同交通流量國小秋季之粒狀污染物質量濃度42
表4-1-2-2 位於不同交通流量國小冬季之粒狀污染物質量濃度43
表4-1-2-3 位於不同交通流量國小春季之粒狀污染物質量濃度44
表4-1-3-1 國小秋季微粒質量濃度與鄰近空氣品質測站所得數據之
比較45
表4-1-3-2 國小冬季微粒質量濃度與鄰近空氣品質測站所得數據之
比較46
表4-1-3-3 國小春季微粒質量濃度與鄰近空氣品質測站所得數據之
比較47
表4-1-4-1 各採樣點不同季節粒狀污染物平均質量濃度48
表4-2-3-1 國小粒狀污染物之粒徑分布表49
表5-1-3-1 校園微粒質量濃度與鄰近測站監測值之相關性比較50
圖列
圖1-1-1 臺北市懸浮微粒(PM10)濃度逐年變化趨勢圖52
圖2-2-1 大氣氣膠表面積粒徑分布圖53
圖2-3-1 大氣微粒的理想粒徑分布54
圖2-3-2 柴油引擎排放微粒分布之典型圖55
圖3-2-1 MOUDI採樣器外觀圖56
圖3-2-2 MOUDI採樣器某一階層示意圖57
圖4-1-1-1 校園所在地區別微粒質量濃度之差異圖58
圖4-1-2-1 交通流量與校園環境微粒質量濃度的關係59
圖4-1-2-2 位於不同交通流量之校園環境各季節微粒質量濃度分布
圖60
圖4-1-3-1 校園環境PM10微粒質量濃度與國小鄰近測站24小時監測
值之相關圖61
圖4-1-3-2 校園環境PM10微粒質量濃度與國小鄰近測站8小時監測
值之相關圖61
圖4-1-3-3 不同季節校園環境PM10微粒質量濃度與國小鄰近測站24
小時監測值之相關圖62
圖4-1-3-4 不同季節校園環境PM10微粒質量濃度與國小鄰近測站8
小時監測值之相關圖62
圖4-1-3-5 古亭國小及國北師附小PM10微粒質量濃度與古亭測站24
小時監測值之相關圖63
圖4-1-3-6 古亭國小及國北師附小PM10微粒質量濃度與古亭測站8
小時監測值之相關圖63
圖4-1-3-7 不同季節古亭國小及國北師附小PM10微粒質量濃度與古
亭測站24小時監測值之相關圖64
圖4-1-3-8 不同季節古亭國小及國北師附小PM10微粒質量濃度與古
亭測站8小時監測值之相關圖64
圖4-1-3-9 百齡國小、明德國小及逸仙國小PM10微粒質量濃度與士
林測站24小時監測值之相關圖65
圖4-1-3-10 百齡國小、明德國小及逸仙國小PM10微粒質量濃度與
士林測站8小時監測值之相關圖65
圖4-1-3-11 不同季節百齡國小、明德國小及逸仙國小PM10微粒質
量濃度與士林測站24小時監測值之相關圖66
圖4-1-3-12 不同季節百齡國小、明德國小及逸仙國小PM10微粒質
量濃度與士林測站8小時監測值之相關圖66
圖4-1-3-13 明湖國小校園環境PM10微粒質量濃度與松山測站24小
時及8小時監測值之相關圖67
圖4-1-4-1 各採樣點粒狀污染物質量濃度季節變化分布圖68
圖4-1-4-2 微粒質量濃度的季節性變化69
圖4-2-1-1 古亭國小秋季微粒質量粒徑分布圖70
圖4-2-1-2 國北師附小秋季微粒質量粒徑分布圖70
圖4-2-1-3 百齡國小秋季微粒質量粒徑分布圖71
圖4-2-1-4 明湖國小秋季微粒質量粒徑分布圖71
圖4-2-1-5 明德國小秋季微粒質量粒徑分布圖72
圖4-2-1-6 逸仙國小秋季微粒質量粒徑分布圖72
圖4-2-1-7 古亭國小冬季微粒質量粒徑分布圖73
圖4-2-1-8 國北師附小冬季微粒質量粒徑分布圖73
圖4-2-1-9 百齡國小冬季微粒質量粒徑分布圖74
圖4-2-1-10 明湖國小冬季微粒質量粒徑分布圖74
圖4-2-1-11 明德國小冬季微粒質量粒徑分布圖75
圖4-2-1-12 逸仙國小冬季微粒質量粒徑分布圖75
圖4-2-1-13 古亭國小春季微粒質量粒徑分布圖76
圖4-2-1-14 國北師附小春季微粒質量粒徑分布圖76
圖4-2-1-15 百齡國小春季微粒質量粒徑分布圖77
圖4-2-1-16 明湖國小春季微粒質量粒徑分布圖77
圖4-2-1-17 明德國小春季微粒質量粒徑分布圖78
圖4-2-1-18 逸仙國小春季微粒質量粒徑分布圖78
圖4-2-2-1 950817古亭國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖79
圖4-2-2-2 950818古亭國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖79
圖4-2-2-3 951025古亭國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖80
圖4-2-2-4 951026古亭國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖80
圖4-2-2-5 951018國北師附小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖81
圖4-2-2-6 951101國北師附小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖81
圖4-2-2-7 950906百齡國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖82
圖4-2-2-8 950907百齡國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖82
圖4-2-2-9 951012明湖國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖83
圖4-2-2-10 951013明湖國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖83
圖4-2-2-11 950912明德國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖84
圖4-2-2-12 950913明德國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖84
圖4-2-2-13 950918明德國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖85
圖4-2-2-14 951011逸仙國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖86
圖4-2-2-15 951019逸仙國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖86
圖4-2-2-16 951020逸仙國小秋季微粒粒徑分布圖87
圖4-2-2-17 960129古亭國小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖88
圖4-2-2-18 960130古亭國小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖88
圖4-2-2-19 960205國北師附小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖89
圖4-2-2-20 960206國北師附小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖89
圖4-2-2-21 960209百齡國小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖90
圖4-2-2-22 960214百齡國小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖90
圖4-2-2-23 960131明湖國小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖91
圖4-2-2-24 960201明湖國小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖91
圖4-2-2-25 960212明德國小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖92
圖4-2-2-26 960213明德國小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖92
圖4-2-2-27 960207逸仙國小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖93
圖4-2-2-28 960208逸仙國小冬季微粒粒徑分布圖93
圖4-2-2-29 960328古亭國小春季微粒粒徑分布圖94
圖4-2-2-30 960404古亭國小春季微粒粒徑分布圖94
圖4-2-2-31 960326國北師附小春季微粒粒徑分布圖95
圖4-2-2-32 960327國北師附小春季微粒粒徑分布圖95
圖4-2-2-33 960412百齡國小春季微粒粒徑分布圖96
圖4-2-2-34 960413百齡國小春季微粒粒徑分布圖96
圖4-2-2-35 960402明湖國小春季微粒粒徑分布圖97
圖4-2-2-36 960403明湖國小春季微粒粒徑分布圖97
圖4-2-2-37 960416明德國小春季微粒粒徑分布圖98
圖4-2-2-38 960417明德國小春季微粒粒徑分布圖98
圖4-2-2-39 960329逸仙國小春季微粒粒徑分布圖99
圖4-2-2-40 960330逸仙國小春季微粒粒徑分布圖99
圖4-2-3-1 古亭國小粒狀物採樣粒徑-質量分布之對數機率作圖100
圖4-2-3-2 國北師附小粒狀物採樣粒徑-質量分布之對數機率作101
圖4-2-3-3 百齡國小粒狀物採樣粒徑-質量分布之對數機率作圖102
圖4-2-3-4 明湖國小粒狀物採樣粒徑-質量分布之對數機率作103
圖4-2-3-5 明德國小粒狀物採樣粒徑-質量分布之對數機率作104
圖4-2-3-6 逸仙國小粒狀物採樣粒徑-質量分布之對數機率作10
The Impact of Chinese Government Policies on Industrial Development: The Case of Iron and Steel Industry
No full text中國在1978年改革開放之後，經濟高速發展，並於2010年成為全球第二大經濟體。中國經濟能如此高速地成長，其中的關鍵因素在於，不只其中央政府會制定產業發展政策積極推動發展，財政分權及官員升遷等體制，給予地方政府極大的誘因去推動地方經濟的發展。因此，瞭解中國的中央和地方政府政策對產業發展的影響，為理解已在世界經濟中扮演重要角色的中國經濟重要的一環。而鋼鐵業位於經濟中許多重要產業的上游，可謂為一國經濟的支柱產業，因此不論中央和地方政府皆高度重視。中國中央對鋼鐵業的發展出台了多項政策進行調節和扶持，地方政府則因為鋼鐵業投入和產出規模大，有助於維持地方經濟增長和就業與稅收的穩定，而有誘因去扶持鋼鐵企業的發展。鋼鐵業作為中國政府重點扶持的重要基礎產業，即成為本論文選擇以研究中國政府政策影響效果之對象。 本文第一章的緒論介紹本論文中三篇研究主題的研究動機、實證方法和研究結果，第二至四章則分別探討中國鋼鐵業在進入21世紀之後高速發展的成因、中國的地方保護主義對市場競爭機制造成的影響，以及分析大中型鋼鐵企業表現差異及造成差異之因素。在第二章的研究中，本文首先發現中國鋼鐵業在進入本世紀之後，鋼鐵產量以兩倍於90年代的增長速度成長，產量至今已接近世界一半，而中國鋼鐵業的人均鋼材表面消費量也已遠超過其他國家在相同發展階段的水準。究其成因，本文發現在1990年代，各種鋼鐵需求因素共同影響鋼鐵業的發展，近年來鋼鐵業的超速成長，則主要源於房地產投資和基礎建設於本世紀始的爆發性發展，而非技術的提昇或成本的下降。而此現象應源於中央政府在90年代末期實行的住房分配貨幣化及擴張房地產市場之政策，與在本世紀初提出的西部大開發、東北再造等的政策，以及與其配合的地方政府招商引資的行為所致。 第三章的研究動機導因於本文發現中國鋼鐵業在高速發展的同時，長期受產能過剩的問題所擾。然而，本研究對企業進出的比例進行跨國的比較分析，結果發現中國上游鋼鐵業的企業進出比例明顯高於他國，顯示市場的高度競爭，但卻長期存在產能過剩的問題難以緩解。因此本文探討造成此矛盾現象的來源，研究的結果顯示，其緣由在於中國地方政府扶植產業的方式，造成一般企業在中國鋼鐵市場的「易進」和受扶持企業的「難出」所導致；亦即，近年來中國地方政府不是採一般保護主義方式的設立貿易壁壘，而是對一般企業低價出讓土地、提供優惠貸款等扶持行為，降低了鋼鐵業的市場進入門檻，使得私企和小型企業較容易進入市場；而中國地方政府對受扶持廠商提供優惠貸款、減稅或補貼虧損廠商的行為，降低了它們退出市場的機率，而不論國私企，規模愈大的企業愈容易受到扶持，因而使得中國鋼鐵市場雖競爭程度甚高，卻長期存在產能過剩的問題。 而中國在經過90年代對國企的大幅改革之後，在一些包括鋼鐵業的重工業國企仍然佔有主導性的地位。然而，由於國企被認為容易存在軟預算問題導致其經營效率不佳，可能會進而影響產業的發展，因此本文的第四章即探討主導中國鋼鐵業發展的大中型企業在不同規模和所有權企業之間的表現差異，以及導致差異的來源和因素。本文以全要素生產力和資產報酬率分別衡量企業的生產力和獲利能力，並分析各企業特性影響大中型鋼鐵企業表現的效果，結果發現，雖然中國國企普遍背負較多的社會責任，使其容易有較高的財務負擔，但在鋼鐵業，一些大型國企因為有較高的規模經濟生產優勢，並且容易受到中央政府的支持，使得大型國企擁有較中型國企和其他大中型私企高的生產效率，而規模較小的中型國企，由於較無大型國企的規模優勢，又有沈重的財務負擔，因此企業表現排名居末；此外，經過私有化改制的企業，由於其企業特性、經營目標和環境能接近於私企，因此與私企的表現無太大的差異。The Chinese economy has grown at a high speed since it began its reform in 1978, and has become the second largest economy of the world in 2010. The key reason for China’s fast growth is that not only the central government would implement industrial policies to promote the development of their industries, but fiscal decentralization and the local officials’ merit-based promotion system give the local governments incentives to promote their local economies. Therefore, understanding how the central and local government policies influence the development of China’s industries is important for comprehending the Chinese economy. We choose the iron and steel industry as the object of the study because it is a pillar industry of a country’s economy, especially for developing countries, and the Chinese central and local governments have adopted policies to support its development. In Chapter 1, we explain our research motives, analytical approaches, and the research results of the three essays in the dissertation. We investigate the sources of the recent rapid growth of the Chinese steel industry, the impacts of China’s local protectionism on market competitive mechanism, and the determining factors of the differences between the large and medium Chinese steel enterprises, which are presented in Chapter 2 to 4 respectively. In Chapter 2, we find that during the first decade of the 21th century, China’s steel industry grew more than twice as fast as before, and came to account for nearly half of the global steel output. The level of apparent steel consumption per capita in China also rose much above that of other developing countries at similar income levels. We find that the main sources of growth of the Chinese steel industry in recent years lie in the policies of China’s central and local governments. That is, the policies of the central government to marketize residential housing and expand the housing market in the late 1990s, and those of local governments to attract investment, are mainly responsible for driving the extraordinary growth of the steel industry in the last decade. In Chapter 3, we find that the entry and exit rate of the enterprises in the Chinese iron and steel industry from 1998 to 2007 are much higher than those of other countries. It shows that China’s steel industry is highly competitive. However, we also find that there is an overcapacity problem in China’s steel industry for a long time. Hence, we try to account for the contradiction between the two phenomena. Our research results show that the above situation comes from the way that the Chinese local governments promote the steel industry. That is, the local governments would offer enterprises preferential loans, lands with low price, etc., so the enterprises can enter the steel market easily, especially for smaller and private firms. They would also provide tax favors or subsidized loans to certain targeted firms, usually large-scale firms, so that these firms would be less likely to exit the industry even if they continue to incur losses. This policy tends to raise the exit threshold for the favored firms. Consequently, the way that China’s local officials promote the steel firms leads to higher competitiveness and long-term overcapacity in the Chinese steel market. In the last chapter, we investigate the difference in the performance of the large and medium steel enterprises in terms of ownership and scale, and analyze the causes of the difference in performance from 1998 to 2007. The Chinese central government pushed through a massive reform of the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the late 1990s, however, some SOEs still dominate heavy industries, including the iron and steel industry. The SOEs are often considered to suffer from soft-budget problem that may affect the development of industries. Thus, we would like to know whether the SOEs maintain their leading position in the steel industry by their own productive advantage or by receiving support of government policies. Our empirical results reveal that although some leading state-owned steel enterprises in China have higher financial burdens, probably due to their greater social responsibilities. But they still have higher productivity than medium-sized SOEs and large private firms because these leading SOEs have greater advantage of economies of scale and they are more likely to be supported by the central government. And the medium-sized SOEs perform worse than other large and medium steel enterprises because not only don’t they have the advantage of economies of scale, but they have higher financial burdens. In addition, the privatized steel enterprises perform like the private ones because of their similar enterprise characteristics, operating goals and environment
Research on the Scope for Administrative Authorities to Shape and Regulate Standard Contracts－Focus on the mandatory or prohibitory provisions of the Consumer Protection Law
No full textThe Lateness of W. B. Yeats in A Vision (1937) and Last Poems
No full text 所謂風格是指對藝術作品的形式表現做靜態和回顧式的描述，涉及創作者和特定時空的關聯。它是一種基於評論策略的需要或論述方便的建構，所以本質上是虛構的。本論文提出一種不同的晚期風格，稱為「晚期特色」：它是主體性遭遇危機的極端場合，表現在作品的形式鋪排上。在一段近尾聲的停頓時光裡，回想、沉思著主體本身的存在狀態，主體和這個物質世界的關係、和必須離開的那部分的「我」的關係、以及和被留下的那部分的「我」的關係。沉思狀態下的創作者在形式上而非題材上呈現╱再現這些晚期特色的時光，因為對創作者而言，晚期特色的出現意謂著創作者的主體性和他的藝術表現力之間的結盟遭受挑戰。此「晚期特色」是以柯默德(Frank Kermode)、阿多諾(Theodor Adorno)、以及薩依德(E. W. Said)的相關理論為基礎發展而來。
本論文欲探討葉慈《靈視》(1937)和幾首最後詩作中的「晚期特色」。在第一章裡，引介柯默德終結的意義乃是虛構的概念，加上薩依德關於起始的論述，說明任何理論的構成在形式框架上都是結構主義式的，在系統成型的背後必然是虛構、是作者的意圖，否則無法進行任何人文的探索。麥牧稜(McMullan)以莎士比亞為例，批判並解構那種專為大師加持、超越歷史、文化和脈絡的「晚期風格」理論。此處援引阿多諾和薩依德的晚期風格理論，定義晚期特色的內涵，並用來探究葉慈的晚期特色。在第二章裡，爬梳葉慈的晚年生活和健康情況，並介紹他在《靈視》的「個人哲學」，特別是關於月亮的位相的體系，因為葉慈用它來分類人格特性和解釋生命的進程。本章的後半部說明《靈視》從前如何被學者和讀者當成他的詩作象徵的指南，或是葉慈對玄密知識的狂烈追求的尷尬證明，直到近年《靈視》才終於被當成有獨立價值的文學作品研究和閱讀。在這種新的理解下，巴赫汀(Bakhtin)的雙聲對話理論被拿來和葉慈《靈視》哲學中偏好的「對立性」做比較，因此《靈視》可被當成小說閱讀，或者更精準地說，《靈視》是一部具有現代主義特色的後設小說。第三章對整部《靈視》進行細讀和分析，闡釋「晚期特色」如何在形式上表現出葉慈的多重人格、玄密智慧的多重來源、主題的雙聲對話，以及情節在文類間的進展。最後一章分析葉慈的幾首最後詩作，點出葉慈的晚期特色如何表現在針對特定主題配合特定詩格形式上。詩作的排列順序也有晚期特色：葉慈對於生命的終程提出最後的見解，而他自己陰鬱、悲觀的情懷則因詩的順序被重新安排而隱藏或淡化。易言之，葉慈刻意呈現生命在航向終點時所應抱持的智慧定見或知性的理解，用以對照他最後人間歲月裡的感性旅程。 Style is a static, retrospective description of the formal properties of an artist’s works that involve the artist’s connections to a particular period of time. It is a critical construction out of strategic necessity or discursive convenience, so it is essentially a fiction in a Kermodian sense. This study proposes an alternative theory of late style—the concept of “lateness” as an extreme occasion of subjectivity in crisis expressed in the stylistic arrangements of the work. A period of caesura or coda is created, full of reflexive meditation on the existential state of “I” and its relationship with the material world, with the part of “I’ that must leave, and with the part of “I” that is left behind. The meditating artist (re)presents such extreme moments of lateness in the work stylistically, rather than thematically, because for the artist, lateness means that the alliance between his subjectivity and his craftsmanship is being challenged. The “lateness” takes its shape on the basis of the theories of Frank Kermode, Theodor Adorno, and Edward W. Said.
With the notion of lateness as an extreme occasion of the crisis of subjectivity in reflection, this study attempts to explore the lateness of W. B. Yeats in his prose work A Vision (1937) and some of his last poems. In the first chapter, Frank Kermode’s idea of the sense of an ending as a critical part of a fiction and E. W. Said’s compensating notion of the beginnings are introduced to demonstrate that any theorization has a significant structuralist format and scale, while under the inevitable systemization are the essential fiction and authorial intention, without which no humanistic survey is impossible. Gordon McMullan’s book on the idea of late writing, taking Shakespeare as an example, criticizes and deconstructs the trans-historical, trans-cultural, and trans-contextual idea of “late style.” Adorno’s and Said’s theories of late style are then introduced to define the idea of lateness as an extreme occasion that will be the theoretical basis of this study on Yeats’s lateness. In the second chapter, Yeats’s life and health in his old age are surveyed. His “private philosophy” in A Vision and its making are introduced, especially the system of the phases of the moon, by which Yeats categorizes personality and explains the cyclical progress of human life. The second part of the chapter shows how A Vision has been maltreated either as a guidebook to the symbolism of his poetry or as an embarrassing proof of his esoteric interests. It is not until recently that A Vision is appreciated as an independent work of art. Following this new trend, the Bakhtinian idea of dialogism is compared with Yeats’s preference of the antithetical over its opposite—the primary. In this A Vision is read as a fiction, or more precisely a meta-fiction with Modernist features. In Chapter Three, A Vision (1937) is analyzed in detail to show how lateness is stylisticaly expressed in the arrangements of multiple personalities of W. B. Yeats, multiple plots of the source of the esoteric wisdom, dialogical interaction between subjects, and the progress of plots between genres. The last chapter analyzes a couple of poems from Yeats’s Last Poems—the tentative collection of his last poems—and demonstrates how lateness is revealed in the formal choices of poems with particular thematic interests. The order of poems is also significant of lateness: Yeats is making a final address towards the ending of human life in general. His own dark, pessimistic feelings in the very last poems are hidden or lessen through the re-arranged order of poems. That is, the intellectual wisdom or understanding of how human life sails towards its ending is deliberately displayed in contrast to the actual sensual trajectory of Yeats in his last days
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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