146,496 research outputs found
Chan An Ancient Maya Farming Community
No full textThe farming community of Chan thrived for over twenty centuries, surpassing the longevity of many larger Maya urban centers. Between 800 BC and 1200 AD it was a major food production center, and this collection of essays reveals the important role played by Maya farmers in the development of ancient Maya society. Chan offers a synthesis of compelling and groundbreaking discoveries gathered over ten years of research at this one archaeological site in Belize. The contributors develop three central themes, which structure the book. They examine how sustainable farming practices maintained the surrounding forest, allowing the community to exist for two millennia. They trace the origins of elite Maya state religion to the complex religious belief system developed in small communities such as Chan. Finally, they describe how the group-focused political strategies employed by local leaders differed from the highly hierarchical strategies of the Classic Maya kings in their large cities. In breadth, methodology, and findings, this volume scales new heights in the study of Maya society and culture.Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introducing the Chan Site: Farmers in Complex Societies -- Part 1. Time, Space, and Landscapes -- 2. A Changing Cultural Landscape: Settlement Survey and GIS at Chan -- 3. Ceramics and Chronology at Chan -- 4. Agricultural Practices at Chan: Farming and Political Economy in an Ancient Maya Community -- 5. Agroforestry and Agricultural Production of the Ancient Maya at Chan -- Part 2. Life in a Farming Community Center -- 6. Ritual in a Farming Community -- 7. Nonroyal Governance at Chan's Community Center -- 8. "Empty" Spaces and Public Places: A Microscopic View of Chan's Late Classic West Plaza -- Part 3. Diversity across the Chan Community -- 9. Recognizing Difference in Small-Scale Settings: An Examination of Social Identity Formation at the Northeast Group, Chan -- 10. Organization of Chert Tool Economy during the Late and Terminal Classic Periods at Chan: Preliminary Thoughts Based upon Debitage Analyses -- 11. Limestone Quarrying and Household Organization at Chan -- Part 4. Bodies, Material Culture, and Meaning -- 12. The Chan Community: A Bioarchaeological Perspective -- 13. Creating Community with Shell -- 14. Obsidian Acquisition, Trade, and Regional Interaction at Chan -- 15. Contextualizing Ritual Behavior: Caches, Burials, and Problematical Deposits from Chan's Community Center -- Part 5. Conclusion -- 16. Learning from an Ancient Maya Farming Community -- References -- List of Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- X -- YThe farming community of Chan thrived for over twenty centuries, surpassing the longevity of many larger Maya urban centers. Between 800 BC and 1200 AD it was a major food production center, and this collection of essays reveals the important role played by Maya farmers in the development of ancient Maya society. Chan offers a synthesis of compelling and groundbreaking discoveries gathered over ten years of research at this one archaeological site in Belize. The contributors develop three central themes, which structure the book. They examine how sustainable farming practices maintained the surrounding forest, allowing the community to exist for two millennia. They trace the origins of elite Maya state religion to the complex religious belief system developed in small communities such as Chan. Finally, they describe how the group-focused political strategies employed by local leaders differed from the highly hierarchical strategies of the Classic Maya kings in their large cities. In breadth, methodology, and findings, this volume scales new heights in the study of Maya society and culture.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Comparing self-reported ethnicity and structure-determined ethnicity: analysis of antipsychotic-induced weight gain
No full textResponse to: Kaufman JS, Hamra G. In Chan et al. the difference between p < 0.05 and p < 0.05 is p > 0.05. Pharmacogenomics14(16), 1941-1942 (2013)
Actuarial assessment of damages in personal injury litigation in Hong Kong: Chan Pui Ki (an infant) v. Leung On
No full textCase note: Actuarial assessment of damages in personal injury litigation in Hong Kong: Chan Pui Ki (an infant) v Leung On. When assessing future pecuniary loss in personal injury litigation, courts often use the multiplicand/multiplier approach. The objective is to calculate a lump sum amount to compensate the plaintiff for future loss of earnings and to cover a stream of future expenses.published_or_final_versio
Dynamic Geometric Data Structures via Shallow Cuttings
No full textWe present new results on a number of fundamental problems about dynamic geometric data structures:
1) We describe the first fully dynamic data structures with sublinear amortized update time for maintaining (i) the number of vertices or the volume of the convex hull of a 3D point set, (ii) the largest empty circle for a 2D point set, (iii) the Hausdorff distance between two 2D point sets, (iv) the discrete 1-center of a 2D point set, (v) the number of maximal (i.e., skyline) points in a 3D point set. The update times are near n^{11/12} for (i) and (ii), n^{7/8} for (iii) and (iv), and n^{2/3} for (v). Previously, sublinear bounds were known only for restricted "semi-online" settings [Chan, SODA 2002].
2) We slightly improve previous fully dynamic data structures for answering extreme point queries for the convex hull of a 3D point set and nearest neighbor search for a 2D point set. The query time is O(log^2n), and the amortized update time is O(log^4n) instead of O(log^5n) [Chan, SODA 2006; Kaplan et al., SODA 2017].
3) We also improve previous fully dynamic data structures for maintaining the bichromatic closest pair between two 2D point sets and the diameter of a 2D point set. The amortized update time is O(log^4n) instead of O(log^7n) [Eppstein 1995; Chan, SODA 2006; Kaplan et al., SODA 2017]
author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 – Supplemental material for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct
No full textSupplemental material, author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct by George Wood, Daria Roithmayr and Andrew V. Papachristos in Socius</p
Chan or Zen?
No full textŠola budistične meditacije, ki predstavlja transformacijo Bodhidharmovih naukov in ki je tipična za teorije in prakse vzhodnoazijskega budizma, je na Zahodu znana pod pojapončenim imenom zen. Le malo ljudi se zaveda dejstva, da gre pri tej šoli za specifično vrsto kitajskega budizma, ki se izvorno imenuje chan 禅. Ker pa se ta pismenka v japonščini izgovarja kot zen, se je japonski prevod imena te šole udomačil v Evropi 19. stoletja, ko je v procesu kolonializacije in modernizacije Vzhodne Azije Japonska predstavljala most med Evropo in vzhodnoazijsko regijo. Medtem ko se je ta meditacijska šola na Kitajskem osnovala in razvijala od 6. stoletja dalje, segajo korenine pojapončenega chana, ki se je na Japonskem razvil pod imenom zen, šele v 12. stoletje, ko ga je po svojem obisku Kitajske na Japonskem predstavil in razširil budistični menih Myōan Eisai. Pričujoči članek namerava zapolniti to vrzel v evropskem poznavanju vzhodnoazijskega budizma in popraviti napačne predstave o izvoru in naravi omenjene budistične šole. V ta namen na kratko predstavi zgodovino kitajskega budizma chan ter razloži njegov nastanek in razvoj, ki je osnovan na sintezi budizma, daoizma in izvornega konfucijanstva
Chan-Sik Kim
No full text학위논문(박사)--아주대학교 일반대학원 :의학과,2014. 2I. INTRODUCTION 1
A. Age-related oxidative renal injury 1
B. AGEs and oxidative stress 2
C. High mobility group box protein-1 and receptor for AGE 3
D. Role of podocyte in glomerular pathobiology 3
E. Exercise and renal injury 4
F. Korean red ginseng and renal injury 5
G. Obesity-related renal injury 6
H. Aims of study 6
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 8
A. KRG preparation 8
B. Animals and experimental design 8
C. Analysis of metabolic data 9
D. In vitro assay of the cross-linking of glycated proteins 10
E. Immunohistochemical staining 10
F. Double staining for TUNEL and Wilms tumor antigen-1 11
G. Apoptosis analysis 11
H. Statistical analysis 12
III. Results 13
A. Body weight and blood lipid profile 13
B. CML accumulation in renal tissues 16
C. Oxidative DNA damage in renal tissues 18
D. Apoptosis assay in renal tissues 20
E. Expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in renal tissues 22
F. Caspase-3 activation 25
G. Glomerular podocyte loss 27
H. Inhibitory effect of KRG on glycated proteins cross-linking in vitro. 31
I. Body weight and blood lipid profile 33
J. Oxidative DNA damage in renal tissues 36
K. Protein glycations in renal tissues 38
L. Apoptosis assay in renal tissues 40
M. HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocalization in renal tissues 42
N. RAGE Expression in renal tissues 44
IV. DISCUSSION 47
V. CONCLUSION 53
VI. REFERENCES 54
국문요약 67MasterA decline in renal function is seen commonly in aging. Aging further increase oxidative stress in the kidney and are associated with reduced renal function. Aging is progressive accumulation of oxidative agents. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) formation has been implicated in the aging process. Obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) may reduce renal function. However, the impact of obese on the age-related renal disease is not well understood. Exercise reduces oxidative stress. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been reported to ameliorate oxidative tissue injury and has an anti-aging effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HFD would accelerate ᴅ-galactose (GAL)-induced renal injury and to examine the preventive effects of a regular exercise and KRG on GAL/HFD -induced renal injury.
In the first experiment, age-related renal injury was induced by an administration with GAL (100 mg/kg, i.p.) in the absence or presence of high-fat diet (60% kcal as fat) for 9 weeks. The exercise group was trained on a motorized treadmill for 60 min/day, 5 times/week over the same period. In the second experiment, in vitro inhibitory effect of KRG on AGEs-cross-linking was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and KRG (200 mg/kg/day) was given to GAL plus HFD-induced aging rats for 9 weeks.
Immunohistochemical staining for 8-OHdG (a specific marker of oxidative DNA damage) and CMLs (a marker of both glycation and lipoxidation reactions) revealed that GAL-treated rats fed a HFD showed aggravated renal injury associated with more pronounced renal AGEs/ALEs formation and oxidative DNA damage. In TUNEL assay, the numbers of TUNEL-positive cell in the GAL/HFD group were significantly higher than the GAL group. The expression of activated caspase-3 protein and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio also were significantly increased in the GAL/HFD group than that in the GAL group. Moreover, imuunohistochemical staining for synaptopodin and WT-1, well-known podocyte markers, revealed that HFD aggravates the loss of podocytes in renal glomeruli. However, the regular exercise restored all these renal changes in HFD plus GAL-treated rats.
KRG inhibited AGEs and collagen cross-link at ten-fold less concentration (IC50=55.65 μg/ml) than aminoguanidine (IC50=563.54 μg/ml), a well-known glycation inhibitor. When rats were fed with a HFD for 9 weeks in GAL-induced aging rats, renal AGEs accumulation, extracellular high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a signal of tissue damage) and receptor for AGE (RAGE) were extensively expressed in renal tissues of the GAL/HFD group than that in the GAL group. HMGB1 was clearly translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in renal tubular epithelial cells. However, treatment of HFD plus GAL-induced aging rats with KRG restored all these renal changes.
In summary, when rats were fed with a HFD for 9 weeks in GAL-induced aging rats, oxidative DNA damage, protein glycations, renal cell apoptosis and cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 were caused in renal glomerular cells and tubular epithelial cells. However, the regular exercise and KRG treatment restored all these renal changes in GAL/HFD-treated rats. Therefore, this study suggested that long-term HFD may accelerate the deposition of AGEs/ALEs and oxidative renal injury in GAL-treated rats. This HFD-increased renal injury in GAL-induced aging rats could be suppressed by regular exercise and KRG through the repression of oxidative injury
Geodata for Song Dynasty Chan Abbots with Heirs - v. 1.0
No full textGeodata for members of the Chan Lineage who propagated heirs during Northern and Southern Song dynasties (as described in "Lamp Records") combined with numeric value for generation in the family tree and total number of heirs. This data is meant to study spatial distribution of Chan monks. Information compiled from a comparison of five Song dynasty Lamp Records and one Ming dynasty record (Xu chuandenglu). The geodata is from "Buddhist Studies Authority Database" digital atlas of historical places. Several records in the dataset are incomplete, reflecting unresolvable ambiguity in a few place-names in Lamp Records. Chinese characters encoded UTF8. Please use data responsibly, kindly send corrections and suggestions, and contact the author to share your results
Geodata for Song Dynasty Chan Abbots with Heirs - v. 1.0
No full textGeodata for members of the Chan Lineage who propagated heirs during Northern and Southern Song dynasties (as described in "Lamp Records") combined with numeric value for generation in the family tree and total number of heirs. This data is meant to study spatial distribution of Chan monks. Information compiled from a comparison of five Song dynasty Lamp Records and one Ming dynasty record (Xu chuandenglu). The geodata is from "Buddhist Studies Authority Database" digital atlas of historical places. Several records in the dataset are incomplete, reflecting unresolvable ambiguity in a few place-names in Lamp Records. Chinese characters encoded UTF8. Please use data responsibly, kindly send corrections and suggestions, and contact the author to share your results
Chan ali zen? Izvor in transformacija Bodhidharmove šole meditacije
No full textThe distinct school of Buddhist meditation, which is a modification of the teachings of Bodhidharma and is typical of the theories and practices of East Asian Buddhism, is known in the West by the Japanized name of Zen Buddhism. Few know that this school is actually a particular form of Chinese Buddhism, originally called Chan 禅. However, since the character 禅 is pronounced Zen in Japanese, the Japanese translation of the name of this school became established in Europe in the 19th century, when Japan was a bridge between Europe and the East Asian region during the colonization and modernization of East Asia. While this school of meditation was established and developed in China from the 6th century onward, the roots of the Japanized Chan, which developed in Japan under the name Zen, only date back to the 12th century, when the Buddhist monk Myōan Eisai introduced and spread it in Japan after his visit to China. This article aims to fill this gap in European knowledge about East Asian Buddhism and to correct misconceptions about the origin and nature of the Buddhist school in question. To this end, it briefly presents the history of Chinese Chan Buddhism and explains its origin and development, which is based on a synthesis of Buddhism, Daoism and original Confucianism.Šola budistične meditacije, ki predstavlja transformacijo Bodhidharmovih naukov in ki je tipična za teorije in prakse vzhodnoazijskega budizma, je na Zahodu znana pod pojapončenim imenom zen. Le malo ljudi se zaveda dejstva, da gre pri tej šoli za specifično vrsto kitajskega budizma, ki se izvorno imenuje chan 禅. Ker pa se ta pismenka v japonščini izgovarja kot zen, se je japonski prevod imena te šole udomačil v Evropi 19. stoletja, ko je v procesu kolonializacije in modernizacije Vzhodne Azije Japonska predstavljala most med Evropo in vzhodnoazijsko regijo. Medtem ko se je ta meditacijska šola na Kitajskem osnovala in razvijala od 6. stoletja dalje, segajo korenine pojapončenega chana, ki se je na Japonskem razvil pod imenom zen, šele v 12. stoletje, ko ga je po svojem obisku Kitajske na Japonskem predstavil in razširil budistični menih Myōan Eisai. Pričujoči članek namerava zapolniti to vrzel v evropskem poznavanju vzhodnoazijskega budizma in popraviti napačne predstave o izvoru in naravi omenjene budistične šole. V ta namen na kratko predstavi zgodovino kitajskega budizma chan ter razloži njegov nastanek in razvoj, ki je osnovan na sintezi budizma, daoizma in izvornega konfucijanstva
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