3,257 research outputs found
Beyond communication: Episodic memory is key to the self in time
No full textMahr & Csibra (M&C) propose that episodic memory evolved to support epistemic authority in social communication. We argue for a more parsimonious interpretation whereby episodic memory subserves a broader preparatory function for both social and non-social behavior. We conclude by highlighting that functional accounts of episodic memory may need to consider the complex interrelations between self and subjective time.This is an accepted manuscript published as Szpunar, Karl K., and Jason CK Chan. "Beyond communication: Episodic memory is key to the self in time." The Behavioral and brain sciences 41 (2018): e33. doi:10.1017/S0140525X17001522. Posted with permission.</p
Does Retrieval Enhance Suggestibility Because It Increases Perceived Credibility of the Postevent Information?
No full textDespite the robust memory-enhancing benefits of retrieval practice, an initial test can sometimes exacerbate eyewitness’ susceptibility to subsequent misinformation—a phenomenon known as retrieval-enhanced suggestibility. One explanation for this finding is that after taking a memory test, participant witnesses are more likely to treat the subsequently presented misinformation narrative as being credible (the misinformation acceptance account; e.g., Chan, Manley, & Lang, 2017). Another explanation suggests that prior testing enhances participants’ ability to learn the post-event misinformation (the test-potentiated learning account; Chan et al., 2017). In two experiments, we provided a direct test of these alternative hypotheses and showed that testing did not make participants believe the content of the narrative to be more accurate, and the perceived accuracy of the narrative was not associated with the likelihood of misinformation recall. These results are inconsistent with the misinformation acceptance account.This accepted manuscript is published as Krista D. Manley & Jason C.K. Chan, Does Retrieval Enhance Suggestibility Because It Increases Perceived Credibility of the Postevent Information? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 12 July 2019, Doi: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.06.001. Posted with permission. </p
sj-docx-1-tam-10.1177_17588359231206259 – Supplemental material for Classification of HER2-negative breast cancers by ERBB2 copy number alteration status reveals molecular differences associated with chromosome 17 gene aberrations
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-tam-10.1177_17588359231206259 for Classification of HER2-negative breast cancers by ERBB2 copy number alteration status reveals molecular differences associated with chromosome 17 gene aberrations by Jui Wan Loh, Abner Herbert Lim, Jason Yongsheng Chan and Yoon-Sim Yap in Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology</p
sj-xlsx-2-tam-10.1177_17588359231206259 – Supplemental material for Classification of HER2-negative breast cancers by ERBB2 copy number alteration status reveals molecular differences associated with chromosome 17 gene aberrations
No full textSupplemental material, sj-xlsx-2-tam-10.1177_17588359231206259 for Classification of HER2-negative breast cancers by ERBB2 copy number alteration status reveals molecular differences associated with chromosome 17 gene aberrations by Jui Wan Loh, Abner Herbert Lim, Jason Yongsheng Chan and Yoon-Sim Yap in Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology</p
Testing can enhance or reduce suggestibility: The importance of contextual detail during misinformation exposure
No full textWitnesses are likely to describe an event to a police investigator or 911 operator soon after the event and prior to any exposure to misinformation. Recent studies have found that recalling an event can increase people's suggestibility (e.g., Chan, Thomas, & Bulevich, 2009) while other studies have reported that retrieval can reduce subsequent eyewitness suggestibility (e.g., Pansky & Tenenboim, 2011). In this dissertation, I examined whether differences in the way misinformation is presented can modulate the effects of testing on suggestibility. Participants watched a video of a robbery and some were questioned about the event immediately afterwards. Later, participants were exposed to misinformation in a narrative (Experiment 1a) or in questions (Experiment 1b). Consistent with previous studies, testing increased suggestibility when misinformation was presented via a narrative; however, when misinformation was presented in questions, testing decreased suggestibility. In Experiments 2 and 3, I sought to uncover why the retrieval-enhanced suggestibility (RES) effect was eliminated when misinformation was presented in questions. Experiment 2 was designed to address whether differences in the presentation duration of misinformation can account for the opposite patterns of results in Experiment 1 - they cannot. In Experiment 3, I manipulated whether a) misinformation was presented in questions or a narrative and b) the amount of contextual detail presented with the misinformation. I found that an RES effect was present only when misinformation was embedded in rich contextual details, regardless of whether misinformation was presented in questions or a narrative. Consistent with these data, previous studies that have found an RES effect have used misinformation narratives that included many additional contextual details (e.g., Chan & LaPaglia, 2011), whereas work showing a testing benefit has consistently presented misinformation in relative isolation (e.g., LaPaglia & Chan, 2012). These results suggest that the way in which misinformation is presented determines whether initial testing enhances or reduces suggestibility. The main findings are discussed within the context of discourse comprehension and narrative persuasion.</p
The dark side of interpolated testing: Frequent switching between retrieval and encoding impairs new learning.
No full textPracticing retrieval can improve the updating or modification of existing knowledge. When students need to update their existing knowledge, performing retrieval practice on the first set of materials often strengthens learning of the next set. However, Davis and Chan (2015)reported that interpolated testing can sometimes impair new learning. Here, we examined whether frequently switching between retrieval of previously learned material and encoding of new material can disrupt learning of the new material. In the current experiment, participants either switched between restudying originally learned items and new learning or between retrieving originally learned items and new learning, and we varied the frequency with which task switching occurred. We found that interpolating retrieval, but not restudy, with new learning impaired new learning. These results are consistent with the idea that retrieval practice and encoding rely on different cognitive processes, and intermixing them can exert a cost.This is an accepted manuscript of an article published as Davis, Sara D., Jason CK Chan, and Miko M. Wilford. "The Dark Side of Interpolated Testing: Frequent Switching Between Retrieval and Encoding Impairs New Learning." Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 6, no. 4 (2017): 434-441. doi: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.002. Posted with permission.</p
sj-docx-1-pih-10.1177_09544119231219531 – Supplemental material for Simulating whole-body vibration for neonatal patients on a tire-coupled road simulator
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-pih-10.1177_09544119231219531 for Simulating whole-body vibration for neonatal patients on a tire-coupled road simulator by Patrick Kehoe, Keely Gibb, Jason Hurley, Robert G Langlois, James R Green, Adrian DC Chan, Elton Toma, Cheryl Aubertin, Kim Greenwood, Andrew Ibey and Stephanie Redpath in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine</p
Initial Testing Reduces Eyewitness Suggestibility for Faces
No full textPast research has demonstrated that verbally recalling the appearance of a perpetrator after witnessing a crime can hinder one's ability to identify that perpetrator in a subsequent lineup (verbal overshadowing; Schooler & Engstler-Schooler, 1990). A recent study by Chan, Thomas, and Bulevich (2009) revealed that taking an initial memory test for an event increases one's susceptibility to later misleading information. These findings contradict those from the testing effect literature, which indicate that initial testing should enhance memory performance (Roediger & Karpicke, 2006). In the current study I investigated the effects of verbally describing a face on eyewitness suggestibility to later misinformation. Subjects witnessed a simulated crime and then either took a test over their memory for the perpetrator of the crime or performed a distractor task. Following a short delay, subjects heard misleading information about the perpetrator or only correct information. All subjects then took a final test over their memory for the perpetrator. Experiment 1 examined memory for the perpetrator using a free recall and a cued recall test. Experiments 2a and 2b examined witness identification performance with a target-present and a target-absent lineup, respectively. Three major findings emerged. First, initial testing increased correct recall probabilities and decreased misinformation recall probabilities in Experiment 1. Second, initial testing increased the likelihood of making a correct identification in the target-present lineup. Third, testing reduced identifications of individuals who matched the description of the misinformation when subjects were forced to make an identification (i.e., a biased lineup procedure). Implications for eyewitness testimony are discussed.</p
Retrieval-enhanced suggestibility: A retrospective and a new investigation.
No full textEyewitnesses are often repeatedly interviewed about the same crime, and they might be exposed to misleading information between these interviews. Taking a memory test before being exposed to misinformation can ironically increase the likelihood that an eyewitness would fall prey to the misinformation effect—a finding termed Retrieval-Enhanced Suggestibility (RES). In this paper, we outline the motivation behind the original research on RES, summarize the theoretical explanations that have been used to explain this finding, and provide a review of the extant empirical findings. We then report the results of two new experiments that examined whether participants, upon being informed that they had provided inconsistent responses during the prior recall tests, could overcome the RES effect during a final recognition test in which the correct event detail and the misinformation were offered as response options. The results showed that RES persisted in this recognition test, and the level of inconsistencies shown by participants during the prior recall tests predicted their final recognition performance, such that more inconsistent witnesses were also more error-prone during the final recognition test—but this relation was stronger for misinformation-induced inconsistencies than for spontaneously-produced inconsistencies.This is an accepted manuscript of an article published as Chan, Jason CK, Krista D. Manley, and Kathryn Lang. "Retrieval-Enhanced Suggestibility: A Retrospective and a New Investigation." Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 6, no. 3 (2017): 213-229. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.003. Posted with permission.</p
Environmental variables affect fungal diversity on blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) leaf surfaces:
No full textThe economically important blueberry, Vaccinium cyanococcus, is susceptible to a number of diseases, some of which are propagated by fungi living on the leaf surface. The leaf surface (phylloplane) is a cryptic environment that harbors a variety of pathogens and pathogen antagonists, and these populations are affected by many factors including weather, season, host plant location and leaf phenology. Blueberry leaves were collected in April, June, August, and October over two years from bushes in wild areas and cultivated farms along transects perpendicular to the Atlantic City Expressway, to address the hypothesis that pollution from a major highway would influence phylloplane communities. Leaves were washed and plated on potato dextrose agar, and fungal epiphytes were identified using taxonomic keys and microscopy. Epicoccum spp., Alternaria spp., Pennicilium spp., and Curvularia spp. were the most ubiquitous fungi isolated from blueberry leaves. Community structure and species richness changed from site-to-site and month-to-month and from year-to-year. The influence of highway proximity to fungal communities was not significant. Management practices in cultivated sites accounted for much of the variation in species richness and community composition among sites. Leaf age also influenced the community structure of phylloplane fungi communities. Leaves collected in April had significantly lower species richness than those collect in later months (F=19.37, P<0.0001). Yearly differences in species richness and community structure were likely due to differences in meteorological variables. Greater information provided by frequency of occurrence of fungal species would lead to a more informative multivariate analysis as presence or absence would be weighted by abundance, allowing for interpretations of dominance and more detailed analysis of phylloplane fungal communities.M.S.Includes bibliographical references (p. 25-27)by Jason Stanwoo
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